Visual perception and saccadic eye movements

Ibbotson, M.; Krekelberg, Bart

doi:10.1016/j.conb.2011.05.012

Cited by 155 publications

(147 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Interactions between image-aligned and fixation-aligned activity Saccadic suppression has been described behaviorally (Latour, 1962;Burr et al, 1994), and at the neural level (Thiele et al, 2002;Bremmer et al, 2009), but few studies have focused on its corollary: the enhancement of visual processing following a saccade (for review, see Ibbotson and Krekelberg, 2011). We demonstrated that visual inputs and fixation-locked activity in uSTS show a supra-additive interaction.…”

Section: Fixation-aligned Residual Activitymentioning

confidence: 76%

“…For example, in primary visual cortex, fixation onset in darkness leads to a resetting of oscillations to a phase associated with high firing rates (Rajkai et al, 2008), and during visual stimulation, fixation onset leads to increased firing rates (Gallant et al, 1998;MacEvoy et al, 2008), spike synchronization (Maldonado et al, 2008;Ito et al, 2011), and sparseness (Vinje and Gallant, 2000). Whereas both saccadic suppression and enhancement following fixation are seen in many visual areas (for review, see Ibbotson and Krekelberg, 2011), they are poorly understood in object-selective visual areas. For example, it remains unclear whether visual and visuomotor signals interact to facilitate object processing in the temporal lobe.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Saccades during Object Viewing Modulate Oscillatory Phase in the Superior Temporal Sulcus

et al. 2011

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Saccadic eye movements (SEMs) are the primary means of gating visual information in primates and strongly influence visual perception. The active exploration of the visual environment ("active vision") via SEMs produces suppression during saccades and enhancement afterward (i.e., during fixation) in occipital visual areas. In lateral temporal lobe visual areas, the influence, if any, of eye movements is less well understood, despite the necessity of these areas for forming coherent percepts of objects. The upper bank of the superior temporal sulcus (uSTS) is one such area whose sensitivity to SEMs is unknown. We therefore examined how saccades modulate local field potentials (LFPs) in the uSTS of macaque monkeys while they viewed face and nonface object stimuli. LFP phase concentration increased following fixation onset in the alpha (8 -14 Hz), beta (14 -30 Hz), and gamma (30 -60 Hz) bands and was distinct from the image-evoked response.

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Section: Fixation-aligned Residual Activitymentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Saccades during Object Viewing Modulate Oscillatory Phase in the Superior Temporal Sulcus

et al. 2011

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“…Animals that possess retinal specializations for high visual acuity, such as primates, can improve perceptual performance on visual tasks either by overt orienting (directing the fovea toward a target stimulus) or by covert orienting (covertly monitoring the target stimulus without moving the head or eyes). For these species, orienting the optical axis of the eye to bring a stimulus on to the fovea can have an enormous impact on perceptual performance (28). However, chickens do not have foveas.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visuospatial selective attention in chickens

Sridharan

Ramamurthy

Schwarz

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Voluntary control of attention promotes intelligent, adaptive behaviors by enabling the selective processing of information that is most relevant for making decisions. Despite extensive research on attention in primates, the capacity for selective attention in nonprimate species has never been quantified. Here we demonstrate selective attention in chickens by applying protocols that have been used to characterize visual spatial attention in primates. Chickens were trained to localize and report the vertical position of a target in the presence of task-relevant distracters. A spatial cue, the location of which varied across individual trials, indicated the horizontal, but not vertical, position of the upcoming target. Spatial cueing improved localization performance: accuracy (d′) increased and reaction times decreased in a space-specific manner. Distracters severely impaired perceptual performance, and this impairment was greatly reduced by spatial cueing. Signal detection analysis with an "indecision" model demonstrated that spatial cueing significantly increased choice certainty in localizing targets. By contrast, error-aversion certainty (certainty of not making an error) remained essentially constant across cueing protocols, target contrasts, and individuals. The results show that chickens shift spatial attention rapidly and dynamically, following principles of stimulus selection that closely parallel those documented in primates. The findings suggest that the mechanisms that control attention have been conserved through evolution, and establish chickens-a highly visual species that is easily trained and amenable to cutting-edge experimental technologiesas an attractive model for linking behavior to neural mechanisms of selective attention.T he capacity to select particular locations or stimuli for differential analysis and decision making is essential for any animal to behave intelligently in a complex environment. It follows that neural mechanisms that enable this capacity must have appeared early in evolution (1). In humans, and nonhuman primates, selective attention enables such adaptive behavior by selecting from all possible information the information that is most relevant for making decisions (2, 3). However, little is known about whether the capacity for selective attention exists in nonprimate vertebrate species.Studies that were intended to measure selective attention in nonprimate species have produced inconclusive results for several reasons. First, much of the previous work has inferred the capacity for selective attention based on selective learning or selective reporting of specific cue features, both in birds (4) and in rodents (5). For example, in highly cited work on feature-based attention (4), pigeons were reinforced for pecking on targets that contained combinations of two features (e.g., color and shape). In later trials, when the features were presented individually, they pecked almost exclusively on targets with only one of the two features (e.g., color, ignoring shape). The results ...

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“…Using a different task, Young and Hollands (2012) also showed that older adults are significantly delayed in initiating gaze and steps to a target that jumps during the swing phase, a protocol that requires online corrections of foot placement. In a DS paradigm such as the one adopted in this study, the secondary eye-movement to the second target displacement requires the computation of a retinal error signal resulting from the extinction of the first light and the illumination of the second, as well as a prediction of the position of the second light target to finely tune final eye position (Duhamel et al 1992;Gredeback and Kochukhova 2010;Ibbotson and Krekelberg 2011;Wong and Shelhamer 2012). Our linear regressions (Fig.…”

Section: Figure 6 About Herementioning

confidence: 99%

Age-related effects of increasing postural challenge on eye movement onset latencies to visual targets

et al. 2016

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When a single light cue is given in the visual field, our eyes orient towards it with an average latency of 200 ms. If a second cue is presented at or around the time of the response to the first, a secondary eye movement occurs that represents a re-orientation to the new target. While studies have shown that eye movement latencies to 'single-step' targets may or may not be lengthened with age, secondary eye-movements (during 'double-step' displacements) are significantly delayed with increasing age. The aim of this study was to investigate if the postural challenge posed simply by standing (as opposed to sitting) results in significantly longer eye movement latencies in older adults compared to the young. Ten young (<35 years) and 10 older healthy adults (>65 years) participated in the study. They were required to fixate upon a central target and move their eyes in response to 2 types of stimuli: 1) a single-step perturbation of target position either 15º to the right or left, and 2) a double-step target displacement incorporating an initial target jump to the right or left by 15º, followed after 200 ms, by a shift of target position to the opposite side (e.g., +15º then -15º). All target displacement conditions were executed in sit and stand positions with the participant at the same distance from the targets. Eye movements were recorded using electro-oculography. Older adults did not show significantly longer eye movement latencies than the younger adults for single-step target displacements, and postural configuration (stand compared to sit) had no effect upon latencies for either group. We categorised double-step trials into those during which the second light changed after or before the onset of the eye shift to the first light. For the former category, young participants showed faster secondary eye shifts to the second light in the standing position, while the older adults did not. For the latter category of double-step trial, young participants showed no significant difference between sit and stand secondary eye movement latencies, but older adults were significantly longer standing compared to sitting. The older adults were significantly longer than the younger adults across both postural conditions, regardless of when the second light change occurred during the eye shift to the first light. We suggest that older adults require greater time and perhaps attentional processes to execute eye movements to unexpected changes of target position when faced with the need to maintain standing balance.

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Visual perception and saccadic eye movements

Cited by 155 publications

References 64 publications

Saccades during Object Viewing Modulate Oscillatory Phase in the Superior Temporal Sulcus

Saccades during Object Viewing Modulate Oscillatory Phase in the Superior Temporal Sulcus

Visuospatial selective attention in chickens

Age-related effects of increasing postural challenge on eye movement onset latencies to visual targets

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