Visual processing of one's own body over the course of time: Evidence for the vigilance‐avoidance theory in adolescents with anorexia nervosa?

Bauer, Anika; Schneider, Silvia; Waldorf, Manuel; Cordes, Martin; Huber, Thomas J.; Braks, Karsten; Vocks, Silja

doi:10.1002/eat.22771

Cited by 20 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(97 reference statements)

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“…These results are in contrast with those of the aforementioned studies, who generally found weaker or no attentional biases in HC (Bauer, Schneider, Waldorf, Cordes, et al, 2017;Freeman et al, 1991;Svaldi et al, 2016;Tuschen-Caffier et al, 2015). Instead, they suggest that adolescents, with or without EDs show a general bias for unattractive body areas, especially for their own bodies.…”

Section: Self Versus Other Bodiescontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…Generally, AN, BN, and BED displayed an attentional bias for parts of their body they deemed unattractive, a pattern which was weaker or not present in HC (Freeman et al, 1991;Svaldi et al, 2011;Svaldi et al, 2016;Tuschen-Caffier et al, 2015). Again, in those with AN, this bias seems to be automatic (Bauer, Schneider, Waldorf, Cordes, et al, 2017). Cognitive theories of body dissatisfaction propose that schemas related to body image give rise to a number of cognitive biases affecting attention, memory, interpretation, and judgement.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…examined whether a bias for unattractive body parts was also present when looking at other's bodies. The procedure used in Bauer, Schneider, Waldorf, Cordes, et al (2017) was used to map AOIs. Across groups (adolescents with AN, BN, anxiety disorders, or HC), participants attended to unattractive body areas longer than attractive areas for both self and other bodies, however this preference was stronger for one's own body.…”

Section: Attractive Versus Unattractive Body Partsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…significantly more time looking at parts of their body they are dissatisfied with, while HC spend a similar proportion of time looking at satisfactory and unsatisfactory body parts(Freeman et al, 1991;Tuschen-Caffier et al, 2015). To investigate whether those with AN show threat-related patterns of attention (early vigilance and later avoidance),Bauer, Schneider, Waldorf, Cordes, et al (2017) measured the time course of attention while participants viewed pictures of their own body. To investigate whether those with AN show threat-related patterns of attention (early vigilance and later avoidance),Bauer, Schneider, Waldorf, Cordes, et al (2017) measured the time course of attention while participants viewed pictures of their own body.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Eye‐tracking research in eating disorders: A systematic review

Kerr-Gaffney

Harrison

Tchanturia

2018

Intl J Eating Disorders

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Objective: Those with eating disorders (EDs) show attentional biases to disorder-relevant stimuli, such as food and body shape information. However, attentional bias research in EDs largely relies on reaction time based measures, which are limited in their ability to assess different components and the time course of attention. Eye-tracking paradigms have therefore been utilized to provide greater ecological validity, and directly capture the detailed sequence of processes in perception and attention. While numerous studies have examined eye movements in the mood, anxiety, and psychotic disorders, there has been a lack of studies in EDs. The purpose of this qualitative review is to provide a summary of eye-tracking studies in clinical ED populations.Method: The review was conducted using the PRISMA guidelines. Electronic databases were systematically searched to identify studies examining gaze parameters in ED compared to healthy controls (HCs). Thirty-one studies met inclusion criteria.Results: Across ED diagnoses, there was evidence of attentional biases towards food and body stimuli. In addition, differential patterns of attention to social information, and differences in smooth pursuit and saccadic eye movements were found in anorexia nervosa (AN).Discussion: Findings are discussed in relation to research in other psychiatric disorders, and recommendations for future studies using eye-tracking in EDs are given. The findings add to the wider literature on attentional biases in EDs, and provide potential avenues for treatment.Discusión: Los hallazgos se discuten en relación con la investigación en otros trastornos psiquiátricos, y se dan recomendaciones para futuros estudios que utilizan el seguimiento ocular en los TCA. Los hallazgos se suman a la literatura más amplia sobre los sesgos de atención en los TCA y proporcionan posibles vías para el tratamiento. K E Y W O R D Sattentional biases, body image, eating disorders, eye gaze, eye movements, social perception

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Section: Self Versus Other Bodiescontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Attractive Versus Unattractive Body Partsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Eye‐tracking research in eating disorders: A systematic review

Kerr-Gaffney

Harrison

Tchanturia

2018

Intl J Eating Disorders

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“…In contrast, several studies in the field of eating disorders found differences regarding the exploration pattern of body stimuli in anorexia nervosa (e.g. [30,31,32,33,34]) and bulimia nervosa (e.g. [34,35,36,37]) compared to healthy controls.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Where Do You Look Visual Attention to Human Bodies across the Weight Spectrum in Individuals with Normal Weight or with Obesity

Leehr¹,

Giel²,

Schäffeler³

et al. 2018

Obes Facts

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Objective: We investigated how individuals with normal weight (NW) versus individuals with obesity (OB) visually explore human bodies varying in BMI. Methods: 16 OB (BMI 37.5 ± 7.7 kg/m²) and 35 NW (BMI 21.5 ± 1.6 kg/m²) visually explored 35 natural photographs and 25 avatars depicting male and female bodies ranging from normal weight to obesity. Gaze behaviour was assessed using eye tracking technology. Additionally, participants rated the attractiveness of all body stimuli. Results: A comparison of the displayed gaze behaviour shown by both participant weight classes indicates that regarding visual stimuli of obese natural bodies, all participants (OB + NW) looked at the waist longer, whereas regarding visual stimuli of normal-weight bodies, all participants viewed the head longer. Overall, OB spent less time looking at the bodies than NW. All participants rated normal-weight bodies as more attractive than obese bodies. However, the NW sample rated the depicted obese bodies as even less attractive than the OB sample did. Conclusions: TheBMI of the explored body, but not the observer's BMI, produces differences in the visual exploration of human bodies. The displayed exploration pattern of obese bodies can cautiously be interpreted as a ‘de-individualised' and ‘obesity-focused' perception. This tendency may prove in close relationship with the negative cultural views on obesity.

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Watch out! A path from anxiety to anorexia nervosa through biased attention?

Radix

Sfärlea

Rinck

et al. 2023

Euro Eating Disorders Rev

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Objective: Evidence points towards heightened anxiety and attention biases (AB) towards disorder-specific (threatening) stimuli in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). To date, it is unclear how anxiety and AB interact in eating disorders (ED). The present study tests the causal role of anxiety by inducing anxiety before a dot-probe task with either ED-specific stimuli or unspecific negative (threat-related) information. We expected that anxiety would elicit AB for ED-specific, but not for unspecific threat-related stimuli.Methods: Adolescents with AN (AN, n = 32) or depression (DEP, n = 27) and healthy controls (HC, n = 29) underwent an anxiety induction or a low anxiety control task before a pictorial dot-probe task with either under-/overweight body-related pictures or non-disorder-related threatening pictures (angry faces). BMI, level of ED symptoms, anxiety, stress, and depression were assessed at baseline. Results: The anxiety induction did not affect the observed attention pattern.AN showed an AB towards underweight body pictures compared to HC, whereas no disorder-unspecific threat-related AB emerged. Regression analyses revealed that only anxiety predicted the AB towards underweight body pictures. Discussion: Further experimental research may integrate eye tracking as an additional tool, or collect information on body dissatisfaction to obtain a better understanding of how anxiety biases attention.

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Visual processing of one's own body over the course of time: Evidence for the vigilance‐avoidance theory in adolescents with anorexia nervosa?

Cited by 20 publications

References 43 publications

Eye‐tracking research in eating disorders: A systematic review

Eye‐tracking research in eating disorders: A systematic review

Where Do You Look Visual Attention to Human Bodies across the Weight Spectrum in Individuals with Normal Weight or with Obesity

Watch out! A path from anxiety to anorexia nervosa through biased attention?

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