Visual Reproduction on the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised as a Predictor of Alzheimer’s Disease in Japanese Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairments

Hori, Takumi; Sanjo, Nobuo; Tomita, Makoto; Mizusawa, Hidehiro

doi:10.1159/000346738

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 76 publications

(47 reference statements)

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“…The Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised is a neuropsychological test measuring different memory functions, such as logical memory, associative learning, visual recognition, and picture recall [20]. The Chinese version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised examines visual attention, scanning, processing speed, mental flexibility, and executive functions [21].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Its Subtypes among Chinese Older Adults: Role of Vascular Risk Factors

Wu²,

Zhao³

et al. 2016

Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord

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Background/Aims: The prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and its subtypes among Chinese older adults, and the contribution of vascular risk factors (VRF) and vascular disorders to MCI remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of MCI and its different subtypes, and clarify the role of VRF and vascular diseases in the occurrence of MCI. Methods: A random sample of 5,214 nondementia (DSM-IV) individuals aged ≥65 years underwent neuropsychological assessments and clinical examinations. MCI, including amnestic MCI-single domain (aMCI-SD), amnestic MCI-multiple domains (aMCI-MD), nonamnestic MCI-single domain (naMCI-SD), and nonamnestic MCI-multiple domains (naMCI-MD), was defined according to modifications of the Petersen criteria. VRF (smoking, obesity, and diabetes) and vascular disorders (myocardial infarction, atrial ﬁbrillation, stroke, and hypertension) were assessed based on information through self-report and medical records. Data were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of MCI was 11.33% (95% CI: 8.21-14.43), and that of aMCI-SD, aMCI-MD, naMCI-SD, and naMCI-MD was 4.48% (95% CI: 2.24-6.74), 2.09% (95% CI: 0.80-3.38), 4.22% (95% CI: 1.38-7.08), and 0.53% (95% CI: 0.32-0.75), respectively. The prevalence of MCI is higher in women than in men. Multivariate logistic regression analysis shows that VRF and vascular diseases were significantly related to increase the odds of MCI and its specific subtype. Conclusions: The prevalence of MCI is almost 11% among Chinese older adults. VRF and vascular disorders are associated with MCI, especially naMCI.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Its Subtypes among Chinese Older Adults: Role of Vascular Risk Factors

Wu²,

Zhao³

et al. 2016

Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord

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“…In the present study, the visual-paired associates I/II and digit span subtests loaded onto two types of factor, suggesting the multifaceted nature of the WMS-R for elderly patients aged over 75 years in the memory clinic setting. Regarding the clinical practice at a memory clinic setting, previous studies demonstrated that the assessment of a combination of logical memory (Marquis et al, 2002 ; Rabin et al, 2009 ) and other cognitive domains, such as visual reproduction, may prove useful for clinical diagnosis in memory clinic setting (Griffith et al, 2006 ; Tabert et al, 2006 ; Hori et al, 2013 ). Although the previous factor analytic studies do not achieve a clear consensus of the factor structure of the WMS-R in clinical populations, it is supposed that among the individual WMS-R subtests, digit span, visual memory, and the logical memory subtests have shown sufficient reliability to be interpreted on their own (Elwood, 1991 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recognition memory, a subcategory of declarative memory, is the ability to recognize previously encountered events, objects, or people. It was known that not only visual reproduction memory but also logical memory have been used to assess recognition memory (Perry and Hodges, 2000 ; Müller et al, 2007 ; Hori et al, 2013 ). Thus, this factor mainly reflects recognition memory.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our findings suggest that recognition memory is less informative for the discrimination between AD and MCI for patients aged over 75 years in a memory clinic setting. Regarding the clinical aspect, accumulating evidence from previous studies suggested that a combination of logical memory (Marquis et al, 2002 ; Rabin et al, 2009 ) and other cognitive domains, such as visual reproduction, may prove useful for detecting MCI (Griffith et al, 2006 ; Tabert et al, 2006 ; Hori et al, 2013 ). The present findings may reflect that recognition memory is sensitive to MCI but not to the difference between MCI and AD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several factor structures for memory-related subtests have been proposed, such as the two-factor model with general memory and attention, the three-factor model with verbal memory, non-verbal memory, and attention, and the three-factor model with attention, immediate memory, and delayed memory (Bornstein and Chelune, 1988 ; Roid et al, 1988 ; Burton et al, 1993 ). Although the WMS-R has been generally used to assess patients aged between 16 and 74 years, several studies have reported on the validity of using this battery for patients aged over 75 years (Doppelt and Wallace, 1955 ; Ryan et al, 1990 ; Ivnik et al, 1992 ), especially in a memory clinic setting (Iseki et al, 2010 ; Clark et al, 2013 ; Hori et al, 2013 ). However, little is known about the factor structure of the WMS-R for patients aged over 75 years and its neurological significance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differential Effects of the Factor Structure of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised on the Cortical Thickness and Complexity of Patients Aged Over 75 Years in a Memory Clinic Setting

Kinno

Shiromaru

Mori

et al. 2017

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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The Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) is one of the internationally well-known batteries for memory assessment in a general memory clinic setting. Several factor structures of the WMS-R for patients aged under 74 have been proposed. However, little is known about the factor structure of the WMS-R for patients aged over 75 years and its neurological significance. Thus, we conducted exploratory factor analysis to determine the factor structure of the WMS-R for patients aged over 75 years in a memory clinic setting. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was calculated from single-photon emission computed tomography data. Cortical thickness and cortical fractal dimension, as the marker of cortical complexity, were calculated from high resolution magnetic resonance imaging data. We found that the four factors appeared to be the most appropriate solution to the model, including recognition memory, paired associate memory, visual-and-working memory, and attention as factors. Patients with mild cognitive impairments showed significantly higher factor scores for paired associate memory, visual-and-working memory, and attention than patients with Alzheimer's disease. Regarding the neuroimaging data, the factor scores for paired associate memory positively correlated with rCBF in the left pericallosal and hippocampal regions. Moreover, the factor score for paired associate memory showed most robust correlations with the cortical thickness in the limbic system, whereas the factor score for attention correlated with the cortical thickness in the bilateral precuneus. Furthermore, each factor score correlated with the cortical fractal dimension in the bilateral frontotemporal regions. Interestingly, the factor scores for the visual-and-working memory and attention selectively correlated with the cortical fractal dimension in the right posterior cingulate cortex and right precuneus cortex, respectively. These findings demonstrate that recognition memory, paired associate memory, visual-and-working memory, and attention can be crucial factors for interpreting the WMS-R results of elderly patients aged over 75 years in a memory clinic setting. Considering these findings, the results of WMS-R in elderly patients aged over 75 years in a memory clinic setting should be cautiously interpreted.

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Diagnostic Evaluation of Dementia

Nous

Vyver

Wiels

et al. 2021

Management of Patients With Dementia

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Visual Reproduction on the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised as a Predictor of Alzheimer’s Disease in Japanese Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairments

Cited by 13 publications

References 76 publications

Prevalence of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Its Subtypes among Chinese Older Adults: Role of Vascular Risk Factors

Prevalence of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Its Subtypes among Chinese Older Adults: Role of Vascular Risk Factors

Differential Effects of the Factor Structure of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised on the Cortical Thickness and Complexity of Patients Aged Over 75 Years in a Memory Clinic Setting

Diagnostic Evaluation of Dementia

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