Visual Screening and Colorimetric Determination of Clenbuterol and Ractopamine Using Unmodified Gold Nanoparticles as Probe

Abstract

In this paper, a sensitive method for the colorimetric detection of clenbuterol and ractopamine using citrate-stabilized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as probe was developed. The concentration of clenbuterol and ractopamine could be determined with naked eyes or a UV-vis spectrometer. By optimizing the influence of NaHSO₄ and incubation time, clenbuterol could be detected in the linear range of 0.1-4 µg/mL with the detection limit of 0.0158 µg/mL, and ractopamine could be detected in the linear range of 1-9 µg/mL with the detection limit of 0.0229 µg/mL. The proposed method could be successfully applied to detect clenbuterol and ractopamine in pig urines by a simple pre-treatment with excellent recoveries. The proposed colorimetric assay exhibits good reproducibility and accuracy, providing a simple and rapid method for the analysis of clenbuterol and ractopamine.

Noble metal nanostructures in optical biosensors: Basics, and their introduction to anti-doping detection

“…Potentially interfering substances such as alanine, phenylalanine, glycerol, vitamin C, threonine, urea, exogenous cysteamine, glucose, glycine, NaCl, and CaCl 2 did not make any difference to the results. Recently, Luo et al [174] demonstrated a highly sensitive technique for direct visual detection of CLP and ractopamine in pig urine samples using AuNPs without employing any bio-recognition agent. The electrostatic interaction between AuNPs and targets (CLP or ractopamine) caused aggregation of AuNPs and produced a blue color.…”

Multifunctional one-droplet microfluidic chemosensing of ractopamine in real samples: a user-oriented flexible nano-architecture for on-site food and pharmaceutical analysis using optical sensors

“…5,6 The unlawful use of RAC is not confined to animals; athletes have also been observed abusing this medication. 7 As β-agonists including RAC are extremely stable and resistant to removal and decomposition from biological systems, a substantial concentration of their residues can build up in farm animals. 8 On a more serious note, accumulated RAC in the meat of animals can be partially eliminated by conventional cooking ways.…”

A portable colorimetric chemosensing regime for ractopamine in chicken samples using μPCD decorated by silver nanoprisms

“…29 To date, various strategies have been used, based on changes in size, shape, and inter-particle distance for designing colorimetric chemosensors based on AgNPs and AuNPs. 20,22,30,31 In this regard, the aggregationdisaggregation approach has some drawbacks, including instability of bonded nanoparticles as well as unwanted effects of interferents in real samples. 32 There are also some compelling reasons for choosing AgNPs over AuNPs.…”

“…To address this need, colorimetric methods for detecting b-adrenergic agonists with acceptable selectivity and sensitivity standards have gained currency in recent years due to their low cost combined with the ease of visual inspection. [19][20][21][22][23][24] On top of these, the commercialization of colorimetric sensors can be more cost-effective than other methods. 25 Anisotropic noble metal nanoparticles of various forms and sizes have piqued the curiosity of scientists.…”