Visual Search Strategies of Soccer Players in One-on-One Defensive Situations on the Field

Nagano, Tomohisa

doi:10.2466/pms.99.7.968-974

Cited by 17 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Williams and Elliott (1999) and Milazzo et al (2016b) indicated that expert karate fighters "visually anchored" their attention on the head and torso, while Ripoll et al (1995) showed that expert French boxers maintained foveal fixation mainly on the central regions of their opponent's body as a "visual pivot, " while using their peripheral vision to monitor their opponent's limb movements. Such "visual pivot" or "visual anchor" strategies have been reported in other sports like baseball batting (Kato and Fukuda, 2002), soccer penalty kicking (Savelsbergh et al, 2002;Piras and Vickers, 2011), one-on-one defense in soccer (Nagano et al, 2004), golf putting (Naito et al, 2004), and volleyball reception (Vansteenkiste et al, 2014), which indicates that these strategies are not only confined to combat sports. More recently, Vater et al (2019) proposed the definition and operationalization possibilities of three different gaze strategies: the "foveal spot, " the "gaze anchor, " and the "visual pivot."…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Using “Enzan No Metsuke” (Gazing at the Far Mountain) as a Visual Search Strategy in Kendo

Kato

2020

Front. Sports Act. Living

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In Kendo (Japanese fencing), "Enzan no Metsuke" is an important Waza (technique) that is applied by expert Kendo fighters. It involves looking at the opponent's eyes with "a gaze toward the far mountain," taking in not only the opponent's face but also his or her whole body. Over the last few decades, a considerable number of studies on visual search behaviors in sport have been conducted. Yet, there are few articles that examine visual search behaviors in combat sports, such as martial arts. This study aimed to analyze the visual search strategies used by expert Kendo fighters through sparring practices to discuss what "Enzan no Metsuke" is under experimental, but natural (in situ), conditions. Ten experts, 10 novices, and one Shihan (a master of Kendo) participated in this study. The fighters wore a mobile eye tracker and faced a real opponent. They were instructed to do the following in five different sessions: prepare themselves, practice their offense and defense techniques, and fight in a real Shiai (match). The results indicated differences in the visual search strategies between the Shihan, experts, and novices. The Shihan and experts fixated on their opponent's eyes or head region most of the time and adopted a visual search strategy involving fewer fixations of longer duration. Conversely, novices set their eyes mainly on the opponent's Shinai (sword). Only the Shihan always looked at the opponent's eyes, even during the preparation, offense, and defense sessions. Shihan and experts set their "visual pivot" on the opponent's eyes quietly, even when the opponent tried to attack with the Shinai. Novices, however, moved their eyes up and down based on the influence of their opponent's movements. As these results indicate, novices tried to search for detailed information about their opponent and processed visual information depending on their focal vision, whereas Shihan and experts absorbed information not from their opponent's eyes but from their entire body by utilizing their peripheral vision; this means that Shihan and experts could see an opening or opportunity and react instantaneously by using "Enzan no Metsuke."

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Using “Enzan No Metsuke” (Gazing at the Far Mountain) as a Visual Search Strategy in Kendo

Kato

2020

Front. Sports Act. Living

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“…By foveating the door edges, the participants were better able to ascertain the door's position, while short fixation durations allowed the participants to process each door's location more frequently. The differences in spatio-temporal patterns of fixation while walking or using a wheelchair seem to be similar to those between elite and non-elite athletes [38][39][40][41] in that non-elite participants had shorter fixations and more frequent saccades at critical moments. The clear differences in the spatio-temporal patterns of eye movement indicate that visual information necessary for representing a space in relation to the person-plus-object is different depending on whether the locomotion form is well learned.…”

Section: ) Rapid Adaptation To Altered Bodily States When Using a Famentioning

confidence: 88%

Tool-body assimilation in the brain

Miyazaki

Higuchi

2015

JPFSM

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Tools are often compared to a part of our own "body". Since the end of the 20th century, neuroscientists and psychologists have accumulated evidence suggesting that the "tool as a part of the body" is not just a metaphor, but is a fact in the brain. In the introduction of this article, we review a neurophysiological study on the monkey brain that achieved a breakthrough in this area of research. Subsequently, we review studies in humans. In the first section, we explain the psychophysical studies that suggest the perceptual assimilation of tools and hands and neuroimaging reports regarding the neural correlates of perceptual tool-hand assimilation. In the second section, we describe the spatial action capability with tools or extracorporeal objects based on behavioral studies regarding locomotion, such as load-carriage and wheelchair-use. Based on these findings, we discuss current and future research issues regarding the tool-body interaction in the context of neural mechanisms and applications.

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“…1,2 Studies have been completed regarding anticipation in soccer for goalkeepers right before the penalty kick 3,4 and free kick, 5 and for defense when offense approaches. [6][7][8] Results of this research indicate that elite and skilled athletes are better able to anticipate the direction of the ball, the type of ball, and the opponent's movement that are less skilled athletes. Elite baseball batters are better able to anticipate the type and course of a pitch than are less skilled baseball players.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Effects of the intention to hit a disguised backhand drop shot on skilled tennis performance

Iwatsuki

Takahashi

2016

International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the intention to hit a disguised backhand drop shot on tennis performance. Skilled tennis players (n ¼ 10) were videotaped while hitting drop shots with and without instruction to disguise the shot. Results calculated via three-dimensional motion analysis indicated that disguised drop shots involved more shoulder rotation and greater transition movement forward than control condition drop shots. To disguise drop shots, tennis players used exaggerated shoulder rotation movement and moved their bodies forward. The results of this research highlight the effects on performance of skilled athletes' intention to deliver an unanticipatable drop shot.

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Visual Search Strategies of Soccer Players in One-on-One Defensive Situations on the Field

Cited by 17 publications

References 5 publications

Using “Enzan No Metsuke” (Gazing at the Far Mountain) as a Visual Search Strategy in Kendo

Using “Enzan No Metsuke” (Gazing at the Far Mountain) as a Visual Search Strategy in Kendo

Tool-body assimilation in the brain

Effects of the intention to hit a disguised backhand drop shot on skilled tennis performance

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