Visual Short-Term Memory Always Requires General Attention

Morey, Candice C.; Bieler, Malte

doi:10.1037/e502412013-516

Cited by 35 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(54 reference statements)

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“…There was also a superiority of verbal performance and special difficulty with visual information when it is followed by verbal information that also has to be retained. This same asymmetry between modalities has been reported in the adult literature (Morey & Bieler, 2013;Morey, Morey, van der Reijden, & Holweg, 2013).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

Development of the ability to combine visual and acoustic information in working memory

Cowan

Glass

et al. 2017

Developmental Science

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Presentation of two kinds of materials in working memory (visual and acoustic), with the requirement to attend to one or both modalities, poses an interesting case for working memory development because competing predictions can be formulated. In two experiments, we assessed such predictions with children 7–13 years old and adults. With development, the ability to hold more information in the focus of attention could lead to an increase in the size of the tradeoff between modalities; if attention can hold A items during unimodal-attention trials, then on average attention should hold A/2 of those same items during bimodal-attention trials. If A increases with age, so would the dual-task cost, A/2. The results clearly ruled out that possibility. It was the modality- or code-specific components of working memory that improved with age and not the central component. We discuss various mechanisms that could have produced these results, including alternative attention-based mechanisms. The findings point to a rich field for continued research.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

Development of the ability to combine visual and acoustic information in working memory

Cowan

Glass

et al. 2017

Developmental Science

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“…Indeed, aging as well as concurrent load diminish equally short-term memory for single items and conjunctive bindings (Allen et al, , 2012Morey & Bieler, 2013), but had a larger detrimental effect on relational short-term binding than on single feature memory (Peterson & Naveh-Benjamin, 2017). Therefore, conjunctive short-term binding could be less affected by aging than relational short-term binding because older participants can more efficiently rely on automatic processes for the former.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Interestingly, it seems that relational short-term binding requires a greater amount of attentional resources than conjunctive short-term binding. Indeed, while short-term memory for individual features and for conjunctive bindings are equally affected by a concurrent task Allen, Hitch, Mate, & Baddeley, 2012;Morey & Bieler, 2013), concurrent load effects are larger for relational short-term binding compared to short-term memory for single features (e.g., face-scene binding, Peterson & Naveh-Benjamin, 2017). Moreover, a direct comparison of divided attention effects on conjunctive and relational short-term binding indicated that conjunctive binding is less affected by a concurrent task, and thus can be processed more automatically, than relational binding (van Geldorp et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential age-related effects on conjunctive and relational visual short-term memory binding

Bastin

2017

Memory

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An age-related associative deficit has been described in visual short-term binding memory tasks. However, separate studies have suggested that aging disrupts relational binding (to associate distinct items or item and context) more than conjunctive binding (to integrate features within an object). The current study directly compared relational and conjunctive binding with a short-term memory task for object-colour associations in 30 young and 30 older adults. Participants studied a number of object-colour associations corresponding to their individual object span level in a relational task in which objects were associated to colour patches and a conjunctive task where colour was integrated into the object. Memory for individual items and for associations was tested with a recognition memory test. Evidence for an age-related associative deficit was observed in the relational binding task, but not in the conjunctive binding task. This differential impact of aging on relational and conjunctive shortterm binding is discussed by reference to two underlying age-related cognitive difficulties: diminished hippocampally-dependent binding and attentional resources.

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“…In visual WM tests, performance has been found to be inversely related to the duration of the retention interval (Morey & Bieler, 2013;Pertzov et al, 2013;Ricker & Cowan, 2010Ricker, Spiegel, & Cowan, 2014;Shipstead & Engle, 2013; …”

Section: H1 Protection From Time-based Decaymentioning

confidence: 99%

In search of the focus of attention in working memory: 13 years of the retro-cue effect

Souza

Oberauer

2016

Atten Percept Psychophys

371

337

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The concept of attention has a prominent place in cognitive psychology. Attention can be directed not only to perceptual information, but also to information in working memory (WM). Evidence for an internal focus of attention has come from the retro-cue effect: Performance in tests of visual WM is improved when attention is guided to the testrelevant contents of WM ahead of testing them. The retro-cue paradigm has served as a test bed to empirically investigate the functions and limits of the focus of attention in WM. In this article, we review the growing body of (behavioral) studies on the retro-cue effect. We evaluate the degrees of experimental support for six hypotheses about what causes the retro-cue effect: (1) Attention protects representations from decay, (2) attention prioritizes the selected WM contents for comparison with a probe display, (3) attended representations are strengthened in WM, (4) not-attended representations are removed from WM, (5) a retro-cue to the retrieval target provides a head start for its retrieval before decision making, and (6) attention protects the selected representation from perceptual interference. The extant evidence provides support for the last four of these hypotheses.

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Visual Short-Term Memory Always Requires General Attention

Cited by 35 publications

References 30 publications

Development of the ability to combine visual and acoustic information in working memory

Development of the ability to combine visual and acoustic information in working memory

Differential age-related effects on conjunctive and relational visual short-term memory binding

In search of the focus of attention in working memory: 13 years of the retro-cue effect

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