“…However, studies finding audio-visual benefits in adults used different experimental paradigms than we did. Typically, audio-visual benefits in adults are investigated by comparing speech processing in no-noise-conditions with noise conditions (Holt et al, 2020;Lalonde & McCreery, 2020;Lalonde & Werner, 2021) showing that adults' speech perception in noisy environments improves when they see the talker's face compared with having no visual speech cues (Grant & Seitz, 2000;MacLeod & Summerfield, 1987;Ross et al, 2007). This line of research indicates that interactions between face and speech processing still exist in adulthood, but they might be more present in ambiguous or environmentally challenging situations (Lalonde & Werner, 2021;McGurk & MacDonald, 1976;Yakel et al, 2000).…”