Visualization of a Cytoskeleton-like Ftsz Network in Chloroplasts

Kiessling, Justine; Kruse, Sven; Rensing, Stefan A.; Harter, Klaus; Decker, Eva L.; Reski, Ralf

doi:10.1083/jcb.151.4.945

Cited by 99 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…1). The same co-localization was obtained with a control construct encoding GFP fused to the chloroplast targeting peptide of FtsZ2-1 [28]. The fluorescence signal of the PpSiR isoforms was not uniformly distributed within the plastids but was concentrated in multiple spots, similar to the localization APS reductase [20].…”

Section: The Sir Multigene Family Of P Patenssupporting

confidence: 52%

Targeted knock‐out of a gene encoding sulfite reductase in the moss Physcomitrella patens affects gametophytic and sporophytic development

et al. 2010

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Edited by Michael R. Sussman Keywords:Bryophyte Moss development Protonema development Spore maturation Sulfate assimilation a b s t r a c t A key step in sulfate assimilation into cysteine is the reduction of sulfite to sulfide by sulfite reductase (SiR). This enzyme is encoded by three genes in the moss Physcomitrella patens. To obtain a first insight into the roles of the individual isoforms, we deleted the gene encoding the SiR1 isoform in P. patens by homologous recombination and subsequently analysed the DSiR1 mutants. While DSiR1 mutants showed no obvious alteration in sulfur metabolism, their regeneration from protoplasts and their ability to produce mature spores was significantly affected, highlighting an unexpected link between moss sulfate assimilation and development, that is yet to be characterized.

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Section: The Sir Multigene Family Of P Patenssupporting

confidence: 52%

Targeted knock‐out of a gene encoding sulfite reductase in the moss Physcomitrella patens affects gametophytic and sporophytic development

et al. 2010

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“…In P. patens, a previous study showed that slightly enhanced levels of FtsZ by expression of transgenes seem to accelerate chloroplast division, although strong overexpression of FtsZ impaired the division as observed in Arabidopsis (Kiessling et al, 2000). However, it is still not known whether FtsZ proteins translated from endogenous genes are actually upregulated to increase the rate of chloroplast division in some points of the P. patens life cycle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The PLASTID DIVISION1 and 2 Components of the Chloroplast Division Machinery Determine the Rate of Chloroplast Division in Land Plant Cell Differentiation

et al. 2009

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In most algae, the chloroplast division rate is held constant to maintain the proper number of chloroplasts per cell. By contrast, land plants evolved cell and chloroplast differentiation systems in which the size and number of chloroplasts change along with their respective cellular function by regulation of the division rate. Here, we show that PLASTID DIVISION (PDV) proteins, land plant-specific components of the division apparatus, determine the rate of chloroplast division. Overexpression of PDV proteins in the angiosperm Arabidopsis thaliana and the moss Physcomitrella patens increased the number but decreased the size of chloroplasts; reduction of PDV levels resulted in the opposite effect. The level of PDV proteins, but not other division components, decreased during leaf development, during which the chloroplast division rate also decreased. Exogenous cytokinins or overexpression of the cytokinin-responsive transcription factor CYTOKININ RESPONSE FACTOR2 increased the chloroplast division rate, where PDV proteins, but not other components of the division apparatus, were upregulated. These results suggest that the integration of PDV proteins into the division machinery enabled land plant cells to change chloroplast size and number in accord with the fate of cell differentiation.

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“…There- fore, it is likely that AtMinE1 localizes in a confined subregion(s) inside the chloroplast inner envelope, rather than distributing uniformly throughout the stromal region. To complicate matters, Kiessling et al (2000) reported that in chloroplasts of the moss P. patens, transiently expressed FtsZ:GFP assembles into a basket-like framework, appearing to scaffold the entire chloroplast envelope from the stromal side. This FtsZ network, referred to as a plastoskeleton, may be involved in the maintenance of the structural integrity of chloroplasts, rather than in chloroplast division per se.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Chloroplast Protein Homologous to the Eubacterial Topological Specificity Factor MinE Plays a Role in Chloroplast Division

Itoh¹,

Fujiwara²,

Nagata

et al. 2001

Plant Physiology

121

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We report the identification of a nucleus-encoded minE gene, designated AtMinE1, of Arabidopsis. The encoded AtMinE1 protein possesses both N-and C-terminal extensions, relative to the eubacterial and algal chloroplast-encoded MinE proteins. The N-terminal extension functioned as a chloroplast-targeting transit peptide, as revealed by a transient expression assay using an N terminus:green fluorescent protein fusion. Histochemical ␤-glucuronidase staining of transgenic Arabidopsis lines harboring an AtMinE1 promoter::uidA reporter fusion unveiled specific activation of the promoter in green tissues, especially at the shoot apex, which suggests a requirement for cell division-associated AtMinE1 expression for proplastid division in green tissues. In addition, we generated transgenic plants overexpressing a full-length AtMinE1 cDNA and examined the subcellular structures of those plants. Giant heteromorphic chloroplasts were observed in transgenic plants, with a reduced number per cell, whereas mitochondrial morphology remained similar to that of wild-type plants. Taken together, these observations suggest that MinE is the third conserved component involved in chloroplast division.Chloroplast division is one of the most critical cellular processes in plants because the plant cell is unable to synthesize this organelle de novo (Possingham and Lawrence, 1983). A series of nuclear recessive mutants of the higher plant Arabidopsis, in which the chloroplast number per cell is greater or fewer than that in the wild-type plant, have been well documented (Pyke and Leech, 1991, 1994 Pyke et al., 1994; Robertson et al., 1996;Marrison et al., 1999). Characterization of these mutants, referred to as accumulation and replication of chloroplasts (arc) mutants, indicates that chloroplast division is a complex process that involves multiple distinct steps, such as expansion, division site selection, division initiation, constriction, and scission of chloroplasts, which are controlled by different nuclear genes, although no ARC genes have yet been cloned. Intensive microscopic studies of the division process revealed that, upon chloroplast division, two concentric rings (plastid-dividing [PD] rings) appear on opposite sides of the chloroplast envelope at the constricted isthmus (Hashimoto, 1986;Kuroiwa et al., 1998). Recently, the outer cytosolic PD ring of the red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae was observed as a bundle of novel 5-nm filaments, implying the innovation of eukaryote-specific organelle division machinery (Miyagishima et al., 2001). In addition, recent studies of transgenic land plants have shown that the same division machinery is conserved in chloroplasts and eubacterial cells. Strepp et al. (1998) and Osteryoung et al. (1998) demonstrated that a homolog(s) of the bacterial cell division protein FtsZ is required for chloroplast division, by generating knockout plants of the moss Physcomitrella patens or antisense transgenics of Arabidopsis, respectively. In bacteria, FtsZ is a cytoplasmic, tubulin-related GTPase, whi...

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Visualization of a Cytoskeleton-like Ftsz Network in Chloroplasts

Cited by 99 publications

References 40 publications

Targeted knock‐out of a gene encoding sulfite reductase in the moss Physcomitrella patens affects gametophytic and sporophytic development

Targeted knock‐out of a gene encoding sulfite reductase in the moss Physcomitrella patens affects gametophytic and sporophytic development

The PLASTID DIVISION1 and 2 Components of the Chloroplast Division Machinery Determine the Rate of Chloroplast Division in Land Plant Cell Differentiation

A Chloroplast Protein Homologous to the Eubacterial Topological Specificity Factor MinE Plays a Role in Chloroplast Division

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