Visualization of hydrogen migration in solids using switchable mirrors

Broeder, F. J. A. den; Molen, Sense Jan van der; Kremers, M.; Huiberts, J. N.; Nagengast, D.; Gogh, A.T.M. van; Huisman, Wim; Koeman, N.J.; Dam, B.; Rector, J.H.; Plota, S.; Haaksma, Mark E.; Hanzen, Ralph M.; Jungblut, R.; Duine, Peter A.; Griessen, R.

doi:10.1038/29250

Cited by 159 publications

(125 citation statements)

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“…To verify that it is the proton and not negative hydrogen ion (such as observed in YH 3-d ) 25 or oxygen vacancies 26 , which diffuses in SNO and also to demonstrate a proof-of-concept solid-state field effect device, a proton-gated transistor is fabricated, as shown in Fig. 6a.…”

Section: Doping-induced Phase Transition By LI and Mg Intercalationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Colossal resistance switching and band gap modulation in a perovskite nickelate by electron doping

2014

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The electronic properties of correlated oxides are exceptionally sensitive to the orbital occupancy of electrons. Here we report an electron doping strategy via a chemical route, where interstitial dopants (for example, hydrogen) can be reversibly intercalated, realizing a sharp phase transition in a model correlated perovskite nickelate SmNiO 3 . The electron configuration of e g orbital of Ni 3 þ t 6 2g e 1 g in SmNiO 3 is modified by injecting and anchoring an extra electron, forming a strongly correlated Ni 2 þ t 6 2g e 2 g structure leading to the emergence of a new insulating phase. A reversible resistivity modulation greater than eight orders of magnitude is demonstrated at room temperature. A solid-state room temperature nonvolatile proton-gated phase-change transistor is demonstrated based on this principle, which may inform new materials design for correlated oxide devices. Electron doping-driven phase transition accompanied by large conductance changes and band gap modulation opens up new directions to explore emerging electronic and photonic devices with correlated oxide systems.

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Section: Doping-induced Phase Transition By LI and Mg Intercalationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Colossal resistance switching and band gap modulation in a perovskite nickelate by electron doping

2014

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“…Furthermore, they display photochromic, 5 piezochromic, 6 and thermochromic 7 changes in their optical properties. Due to their optical changes, thin films of, e.g., Y can also be used as hydrogen indicators 8,9 in diffusion experiments. Another development is pixel switching, i.e., independent switching of small islands from reflecting to transparent, which can be observed in epitaxial REH x films.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly absorbing black Mg and rare-earth-Mg switchable mirrors

2004

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Apart from a reflecting and a transparent state, rare-earth-Mg alloys ͑RE-Mg͒ exhibit also a highly absorbing, black state during loading with hydrogen. The occurrence of such a black state is due to the disproportionation into subwavelength size REH 2ϩ⑀ and Mg grains during the first hydrogen loading. While the optical properties of REH x change continuously with a further increase in hydrogen concentration x, Mg changes abruptly from a good reflector to a transparent insulator (MgH 2 ). Thin pure Mg films also show this black state when ͑un͒loaded carefully at elevated temperatures. By using the Bruggeman effective medium approximation in combination with the transfer matrix method it is shown that the coexistence of Mg and MgH 2 grains is the cause of this high absorption. Furthermore, we compare this phenomenon to the high absorption of light observed in metal-dielectric composites.

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“…The understanding and manipulation of hydrogen transport through films is, however, important for the control and optimization of coatings and thin-film devices such as hydrogen detectors, 2,3 metal-hydride switchable mirrors 4,5 or tunable magnetical elements. 6,7 Recently den Broeder et al 8 presented an optical method to monitor the lateral migration of hydrogen in Y, exploiting the intrinsic concentration dependent optical properties of the Y-H system. 9 Especially the progression of the boundaries separating the various stable hydride phases can easily be detected as discontinuities in the optical contrast.…”

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“…8,10 At tϭ0 a sample assembly ͑consisting here of 11 individual V/Y stripes͒ is exposed to hydrogen. As described by Den Broeder et al, 8 the Y underneath the Pd immediately starts absorbing hydrogen, and forms the transparent YH 3-␦ phase. Further hydrogen uptake is achieved by lateral hydrogen diffusion mainly through vanadium, since H uptake cannot occur via the superficially oxidized Y.…”

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“…9,11 For example, the front corresponding to the coexisting ␣ and ␤ phases is clearly identified as a discontinuous change in transmission and reflection. 8 11,12 In the following we call this optical feature the ''␤-front'' or simply the front and its position x f . Figure 2 depicts a snapshot at tϭ10 4 s after the 11-stripesample assembly was exposed to a hydrogen atmosphere of 1 mbar at Tϭ473 K. The Pd-covered parts, where the hydrogen enters the samples and the lateral diffusion starts, is at the top of the photo.…”

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Switchable mirrors for visualization and control of hydrogen diffusion in transition metals

et al. 2002

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We show that the switchable mirror material YH x can be used both as an indicator to monitor and as an agent to control hydrogen diffusion in thin films. The applicability of the optical-indicator technique is demonstrated for VH x thin films. The diffusion coefficient is typically 10 Ϫ5 cm 2 /s at concentrations around 0.7 H/V at temperatures between 373 and 473 K. Deposition of a layer of Y on V makes it also possible to tune the effective hydrogen mobility via the V/Y thickness ratio. This can be used for investigation of hydrogen diffusion waves in laterally structured objects. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.66.020101 PACS number͑s͒: 66.30.Ϫh, 68.55.Ln, 68.37.Ϫd, 68.60.Ϫp One of the striking properties of hydrogen in metals is its large mobility. Already at room temperature the H diffusion coefficient can be as high as 10 Ϫ5 cm 2 /s, i.e., a value almost comparable to diffusion in liquids. A review of experimental data and techiques used so far to measure hydrogen diffusivity in bulk samples is given by Alefeld and Völkl. 1 Most of these methods are not applicable to thin films as they are either hampered by the influence of the substrate ͑e.g., in Gorsky effect͒ or by the rather small volume of the film ͑e.g. in quasielastic neutron scattering͒. Consequently, relatively little is known about hydrogen diffusion in thin metallic films and multilayers. The understanding and manipulation of hydrogen transport through films is, however, important for the control and optimization of coatings and thin-film devices such as hydrogen detectors, 2,3 metal-hydride switchable mirrors 4,5 or tunable magnetical elements. 6,7 Recently den Broeder et al. 8 presented an optical method to monitor the lateral migration of hydrogen in Y, exploiting the intrinsic concentration dependent optical properties of the Y-H system. 9 Especially the progression of the boundaries separating the various stable hydride phases can easily be detected as discontinuities in the optical contrast.The main purpose of this communication is to demonstrate that visualization of H diffusion is also possible for hydrogen in opaque transition-metal films. More specifically ͑i͒ we demonstrate the feasibility to use a thin layer of Y as an optical indicator to visualize the lateral H migration in thin films of vanadium, ͑ii͒ we show that the mobility of the phase boundaries in a composite film ͑e.g., V/Y͒ can be tuned through the sample/indicator thickness ratio, and ͑iii͒ we determine quantitatively the H-diffusion coefficient in a vanadium film by means of our optical indicator method.The samples are prepared by means of e-gun evaporation in an ultrahigh vacuum system ͑background pressure Ͻ10 Ϫ9 mbar). A typical sample consists of a V stripe of length Lϭ10 mm, width bϭ1 mm, and thickness 25 nm Ͻd S Ͻ250 nm. Usually 11 stripes of various thickness d S are deposited onto one, polished amorphous quartz substrate. The V stripes are covered with a thin layer of yttrium as an optical indicator for hydrogen diffusion. Indicator thicknesses 10 nm Ͻd I Ͻ50 nm are exa...

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Visualization of hydrogen migration in solids using switchable mirrors

Cited by 159 publications

References 19 publications

Colossal resistance switching and band gap modulation in a perovskite nickelate by electron doping

Colossal resistance switching and band gap modulation in a perovskite nickelate by electron doping

Highly absorbing black Mg and rare-earth-Mg switchable mirrors

Switchable mirrors for visualization and control of hydrogen diffusion in transition metals

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