Visualization of X-rays with an Ultralow Detection Limit via Zero-Dimensional Perovskite Scintillators

Abstract

X-rays play an extremely significant role in medical diagnosis, safety testing, scientific research, and other practical applications. However, as the main sources of radioactive pollution, the hazard of X-rays to human health and the environment has been a major concern. Herein, the explored perovskite scintillator of Cs 2 Zr 1−x Pb x Cl 6 in this work exhibits an ultrahigh radioluminescence intensity owing to the enhanced X-ray absorption for the introduction of Pb 2+ ions. The Cs 2 Zr 1−x Pb x Cl 6 crystals are demonstrated as efficient scintillators with a self-trapped exciton emission and extremely high steady-state light yield (∼101,944 photons meV −1 ). This fascinating scintillator provides a convenient visual tool for X-ray detection even for an indoor lighting environment, reaching a low detection limit of ∼14.2 nGy•s −1 , which is about 1/387 of the typical medical imaging dose (5.5 μGy• s −1 ). Moreover, X-ray imaging with a high resolution of 16.6 lp•mm −1 is achieved with the as-explored Cs 2 Zr 1−x Pb x Cl 6 scintillator film. Herein, the Cs 2 Zr 1−x Pb x Cl 6 scintillator provides a feasible strategy for X-ray monitoring in the field of biomedicine, high-energy physics, national security, and other applications.

Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence from Perovskite‐Derivative CsAgCl2 Nanocrystals for High‐Resolution X‐Ray Imaging

“…In order to evaluate the ability of these CsAgCl 2 NCs to implement X-ray imaging application, a homemade X-ray imaging system was built with a CsAgCl 2 NCs film as scintillator screen, where an X-ray source, imaging object, the CsAgCl 2 NCs film, and a camera were placed in sequence, as illustrated in Figure 4e. [38][39][40] The X-ray imaging resolution was evaluated as 11.5 lp mm −1 by modulation transfer function (MTF) calculation through slanted-edge method (Figure 4f and Figure S11, Supporting Information). This imaging resolution value was further confirmed by an X-ray image of standard test pattern plate and shown in Figure 4g, in which the line spacing expressed with spatial resolution of 11.5 lp mm −1 can be clearly distinguished, superior to the commercial α-Se direct-type X-ray detector of 4.8 lp mm −1 and many other reported scintillator screens (Table S5, Supporting Information).…”

Centimeter‐Sized Single Crystals of Dion‐Jacobson Phase Lead‐Free Double Perovskite for Efficient X‐ray Detection

“…X-ray detection has been widely used in the fields of medical diagnostics, nondestructive determination, nuclear reaction monitoring, etc. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] At present, traditional semiconductors have dominated the market for X-ray detecting materials, such as crystalline Si and amorphous selenium (α-Se). [9][10] However, the issues of complex fabrication techniques and high-energy 2D Dion-Jacobson (DJ) phase hybrid perovskites have shown great promise in the photoelectronic field owing to their outstanding optoelectronic performance and superior structural rigidity.…”

“…X‐ray detection has been widely used in the fields of medical diagnostics, nondestructive determination, nuclear reaction monitoring, etc. [ 1–8 ] At present, traditional semiconductors have dominated the market for X‐ray detecting materials, such as crystalline Si and amorphous selenium (α‐Se). [ 9–10 ] However, the issues of complex fabrication techniques and high‐energy consumption are the concerns that hinder their large‐scale application.…”

0D hybrid indium halide as a highly efficient X-ray scintillation and ultra-sensitive fluorescent probe

“…[1][2][3] This unique conversion ability enables the scintillator to be an excellent indirect detection material of X-ray with wide advanced application prospects in radiation monitoring, non-destructive flaw inspection, medical diagnosis and other nuclear power industries, etc. [4][5][6] In the past decades, a large amount of inorganic scintillators have been applied in commercial X-ray detection, such as CsI:Tl, LaBr 3 :Ce, CdWO 4 , and Bi 4 Ge 3 O 12 . [7][8][9][10] However, these traditional scintillators are mainly prepared through complex high-temperature synthesis method with high-cost and energy consumption, which is neither eco-friendly nor convenient.…”