Excessive water production is a significant
challenge during hydrocarbon
production from oil and gas reservoirs, and it is typically controlled
by polymer gel placement. However, the fundamental process in terms
of how precisely this gel reduces water production in gas reservoirs
is rarely reported. The objective of paper is to investigate the impact
of cross-linked polyacrylamide (poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) partial sodium salt) gel as a relative permeability
modifier for a sandstone/gas/water system and provides insights into
the detailed in situ gel behavior inside the porous medium. Stronger
gels increased water retention inside the porous media yet decreased
the lubrication effect of the gel. Moreover, as the water flow rate
increased (during imbibition), the water relative permeability reduction
decreased, which is attributed to (a) gel shear thinning behavior
and (b) reduction in the residual gas saturation. However, the gel
showed shear thickening behavior during gas flow. At low gas flow
rates, gel performance is mainly controlled by the gel lubrication
effect, while at higher gas flow rates, the significance of gel rigidity
is greatly increased. These effects were associated by gas diffusion
and gas dissolution in the gel, which in turn expanded the gel layer
and reduced gas permeability. Moreover, we identified two counteracting
mechanisms (i.e., water retention and lubrication effects) responsible
for the disproportionate permeability reduction. In addition, we identified
a critical flow rate above which the gel treatment becomes unsuccessful
as both effects (i.e., water retention and lubrication) were significantly
reduced. These findings thus provide novel insights into the factors
leading to successful gel placement to better control water production.