Visualizing Surface Phase Separation in PS PMMA Polymer Blends at the Nanoscale

Abstract

Phase-separated polymer blend films are an important class of functional materials with numerous technological applications including solar cells, catalysis, and biotechnology. These technologies are underpinned by precise control of phase separation at the nanometer length-scales, which is highly challenging to visualize using conventional analytical tools. Herein, we introduce tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), in combination with AFM, confocal Raman spectroscopy, and XPS, as a sensitive nanoanalytical method to determine lateral and vertical phase-separation in polystyrene (PS)-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) polymer blend films. Correlative topographical, molecular, and elemental information reveals a vertical phase separation of the polymers within the top ca. 20 nm of the blend surface in addition to the lateral phase separation in the bulk. Furthermore, complementary TERS and XPS measurements reveal the presence of PMMA within 9.2 nm of the surface and PS at the sub-surface of the polymer blend. This fundamental work establishes TERS as an powerful analytical tool for surface characterization of this important class of polymers at nanometer length-scales.

Fabrication of micropatterned thin films through controlled phase separation of polystyrene/polydimethylsiloxane blends by spin coating

“…Indeed, surface-induced morphological phase separation in an immiscible polymer blend thin film spin cast from a common solvent has long been explored and has garnered considerable attention due to its potential applications in areas such as dielectric coatings, the modulation of optical and wetting characteristics of surfaces, and gaining insights into how confinement affects phase separation (Tu, et al, 2019a;Tu, et al, 2019;Bhandaru, 2020;Dhara and Mukherjee, 2021;Saleem et al, 2023). Polystyrene and poly(metha methacrylate) (PMMA) immiscible blends are among the systems that have been studied most extensively (Das et al, 2020;Guo and Ren, 2021;Mrđenović et al, 2022;Cai et al, 2023). Walheim et al (1997) utilized a selective dissolution approach to fabricate PS/PMMA film with phaseseparated domain structures.…”