Visuo-oculomotor skills related to the visual demands of sporting environments

Ceyte, Hadrien; Lion, Alexis; Caudron, Sébastien; Perrin, Philippe; Gauchard, Gérome C.

doi:10.1007/s00221-016-4793-3

Cited by 18 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…In the same vein, a recent study 14 showed that when reinforcement is contingent upon specific saccadic latencies in a choice paradigm, humans learned to adjust their SRT distributions depending on the reinforcement contingencies in force: the relative proportions of short- and long-latency saccades matched the relative proportions of reinforcement obtained for each class of latencies. Eye movement studies outside the laboratory with sportsmen 19 or video-gamers 20 demonstrated similar temporal-learning abilities. It is worth noting that low-level target properties, such as luminance, have been shown to compete with internal factors based on previous experience in controlling saccade reaction time 9 , 21 – 23 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Perception of saccadic reaction time

Vencato

Madelain

2020

Sci Rep

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That saccadic reaction times (SRTs) may depend on reinforcement contingencies has been repeatedly demonstrated. It follows that one must be able to discriminate one’s latencies to adequately assign credit to one’s actions, which is to connect behaviour to its consequence. To quantify the ability to perceive one’s SRT, we used an adaptive procedure to train sixteen participants in a stepping visual target saccade paradigm. Subsequently, we measured their RTs perceptual threshold at 75% in a conventional constant stimuli procedure. For each trial, observers had to saccade to a stepping target. Then, in a 2-AFC task, they had to choose one value representing the actual SRT, while the other value proportionally differed from the actual SRT. The relative difference between the two alternatives was computed by either adding or subtracting from the actual SRT a percent-difference value randomly chosen among a fixed set. Feedback signalling the correct choice was provided after each response. Overall, our results showed that the 75% SRT perceptual threshold averaged 23% (about 40 ms). The ability to discriminate small SRT differences provides support for the possibility that the credit assignment problem may be solved even for short reaction times.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Perception of saccadic reaction time

Vencato

Madelain

2020

Sci Rep

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“…For example, Land and McLeod (2000) examined cricket batsmen's eye movements and found that, for the most successful batsmen, eye fixation occurred in a period of 100-200 ms and followed a faster onset of saccade latencies (time from target presentation to eye movement onset). Other studies have also shown a significant decrease in saccadic onset latency in elite athletes (Ceyte et al, 2017;Piras et al, 2010). Thus, short saccade onset latency appears to be related to a superior visuo-oculomotor system in elite athletes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Previous coincidence anticipation research with elite sport participants have sometimes yielded ambiguous results, due to several methodological concerns and uncertainty regarding the underlying mechanisms involved. Regarding the uncertainty in underlying mechanisms, we suggest that if elite athletes have gained superior visuo-oculomotor skills through long-term training (Ceyte et al, 2017;Land, 2009), they should show different eye movements (compared with nonathletes) during coincident-timing tasks. Methodological concerns include uncertainty as to whether the coincident-timing stimulus paradigm is a sufficiently difficult laboratory task for elite athletes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Expert athletes require a particularly efficient visuo-oculomotor system to perceive precise external information and make multiple rapid decisions in complex movement situations. Numerous previous studies have shown that, compared with novice or nonathletes, expert athletes have superior visuo-oculomotor systems and heightened performance during various cognitive or motor tasks (Abernethy & Zawi, 2007;Ceyte, Lion, Caudron, Perrin, & Gauchard, 2017;Land & McLeod, 2000;Piras, Lobietti, & Squatrito, 2010). Specifically, expert athletes who are required to hit balls with specific tools or with their hands in sports such as cricket (Land & McLeod, 2000), water polo (Quevedo-Junyent, Aznar-Casanova, Merindano-Encina, Cardona, & Sole-Forto, 2011), tennis (Cacioppo et al, 2014), table tennis (Sindik & Missoni, 2013), volleyball (Piras et al, 2010), and baseball (Higuchi, Nagami, Nakata, & Kanosue, 2018) perform better and show enhanced situation-dependent visuo-oculomotor system drive compared with novice or nonathletes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Baseball Players’ Eye Movements and Higher Coincident-Timing Task Performance

et al. 2020

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Previous studies have reported that baseball players have higher than average visual information processing abilities and outstanding motor control. The speed and position of the baseball and the batter are constantly changing, leading skilled players to acquire highly accurate visual information processing and decision-making. This study sought to clarify how movement of the eyes is associated with baseball players’ higher coincident-timing task performance. We recruited 15 right-handed baseball players and 15 age-matched track and field athletes. On a computer-based coincident-timing task, we instructed participants to stop a computer image of a moving target by pressing a button at a designated point. We presented bidirectional moving targets with various velocities, presented in a random order. The targets’ moving angular velocity varied between 100, 83, 71, 63, 56, 50, and 46 deg/s. We conducted 168 repetitions (42 reps × 4 sets) of this coincident-timing task and measured participants’ eye movements during the task using Pupil Centre Corneal Reflection. Mixed-design analysis of variance results revealed participant group effects in favor of baseball players for timing absolute error and low absolute error, as predicted from prior visual processing and decision-making research with baseball players. However, in contrast to prior research, we found significantly shorter smooth-pursuit onset latency in elite baseball players, and there were no significant group differences for saccade onset and offset latencies. This may be explained by the difference in our research paradigm with mobile targets randomly presented at various velocities from the left and right. Our data showed baseball players’ higher than normal simultaneous timing execution for making decisions and movements based on visual information, even under laboratory conditions with randomly moving mobile targets.

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“…Moreover, shorter latencies demanded by urgency (e.g., Montagnini & Chelazzi, 2005) or longer latencies due to reduced visual benefits of saccades (e.g., Harwood et al, 2008;Madelain, Krauzlis, & Wallman, 2005) have been reported, revealing the ability to learn when to saccade. This temporal learning is incidentally thought to be at play outside the laboratory with sportsmen (Ceyte, Lion, Caudron, Perrin, & Gauchard, 2017) or video-gamers (Chisholm & Kingstone, 2015). Recently, Vullings and Madelain (2018) have investigated how the temporal organization of the environment constrains the temporal allocation of saccades.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discriminative control of saccade latencies

Vullings

Madelain

2019

Journal of Vision

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Recent studies have demonstrated that saccadic reaction times (SRTs) are influenced by the temporal regularities of dynamic environments (Vullings & Madelain, 2018). Here, we ask whether discriminative control (i.e., the possibility to use external stimuli signaling the future state of the environment) of latencies in a search task might be established using reinforcement contingencies. Eight participants made saccades within 80-750 ms toward a target displayed among distractors. We constructed two latency classes, ''short'' and ''long,'' using the first and last quartiles of the individual baseline distributions. We then used a latency-contingent display paradigm in which finding the visual target among other items was made contingent upon specific SRTs. For a first group, the postsaccadic target was displayed only following short latencies with leftward saccades, and following long latencies with rightward saccades. The opposite was true for a second group. When short-and long-latency saccades were reinforced (i.e., the target was displayed) depending on the saccade direction, median latencies differed by 74 ms on average (all outside the 98% null hypothesis confidence intervals). Posttraining, in the absence of reinforcement, we still observed strong differences in latency distributions, averaging 64 ms for leftward versus rightward saccades. Our results demonstrate the discriminative control of SRTs, further supporting the effects of reinforcement learning for saccade. This study reveals that saccade triggering is finely controlled by learned temporal and spatial properties of the environment using predictive mechanisms.

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Visuo-oculomotor skills related to the visual demands of sporting environments

Cited by 18 publications

References 32 publications

Perception of saccadic reaction time

Perception of saccadic reaction time

Baseball Players’ Eye Movements and Higher Coincident-Timing Task Performance

Discriminative control of saccade latencies

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