Vital Signs: Racial Disparities in Age-Specific Mortality Among Blacks or African Americans — United States, 1999–2015

Cunningham, Timothy J.; Croft, Janet B.; Liu, Yong; Lu, Hua; Eke, Paul I.; Giles, Wayne H.

doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6617e1

Cited by 334 publications

(306 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Although race/ethnicity and SES are clearly related, much of the research on mortality views them as distinct characteristics because the various SES indicators differ within and among racial and ethnic groups (11,28,50,51).…”

Section: Racementioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing Disparities in Mortality by Socioeconomic Status

Bosworth

2024

Annual Review of Public Health

112

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This review focuses on the widening disparities in death rates by socioeconomic class. In recent years, there has been a major increase in the availability of data linking mortality risk and measures of socioeconomic status. The result has been a virtual explosion of new empirical research showing not only the existence of large inequities in the risk of death between those at the top and those at the bottom of the socioeconomic distribution, but also that the gaps have been growing. This assessment of the empirical research finds a consistent pattern of growing disparities within the United States. However, this widening gap in death rates does appear to be a uniquely American phenomenon, as the disparities by socioeconomic class appear to be stable or even declining in Europe and Canada.

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Section: Racementioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing Disparities in Mortality by Socioeconomic Status

Bosworth

2024

Annual Review of Public Health

112

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“…Although all-cause mortality rates for blacks are higher than those for whites, suicide is the only leading cause of death for which the death rate is lower among blacks compared with whites for all age groups ( 28 ). Among American Indian/Alaska Natives, suicide rates in rural areas are substantially higher than the already high rates for this population.…”

Section: Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suicide Trends Among and Within Urbanization Levels by Sex, Race/Ethnicity, Age Group, and Mechanism of Death — United States, 2001–2015

Ivey-Stephenson

Crosby

Jack

et al. 2017

MMWR Surveill. Summ.

252

186

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Problem/ConditionSuicide is a public health problem and one of the top 10 leading causes of death in the United States. Substantial geographic variations in suicide rates exist, with suicides in rural areas occurring at much higher rates than those occurring in more urban areas. Understanding demographic trends and mechanisms of death among and within urbanization levels is important to developing and targeting future prevention efforts.Reporting Period2001–2015.Description of SystemMortality data from the National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) include demographic, geographic, and cause of death information derived from death certificates filed in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. NVSS was used to identify suicide deaths, defined by International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) underlying cause of death codes X60–X84, Y87.0, and U03. This report examines annual county level trends in suicide rates during 2001–2015 among and within urbanization levels by select demographics and mechanisms of death. Counties were collapsed into three urbanization levels using the 2006 National Center for Health Statistics classification scheme. ResultsSuicide rates increased across the three urbanization levels, with higher rates in nonmetropolitan/rural counties than in medium/small or large metropolitan counties. Each urbanization level experienced substantial annual rate changes at different times during the study period. Across urbanization levels, suicide rates were consistently highest for men and non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Natives compared with rates for women and other racial/ethnic groups; however, rates were highest for non-Hispanic whites in more metropolitan counties. Trends indicate that suicide rates for non-Hispanic blacks were lowest in nonmetropolitan/rural counties and highest in more urban counties. Increases in suicide rates occurred for all age groups across urbanization levels, with the highest rates for persons aged 35–64 years. For mechanism of death, greater increases in rates of suicide by firearms and hanging/suffocation occurred across all urbanization levels; rates of suicide by firearms in nonmetropolitan/rural counties were almost two times that of rates in larger metropolitan counties. InterpretationSuicide rates in nonmetropolitan/rural counties are consistently higher than suicide rates in metropolitan counties. These trends also are observed by sex, race/ethnicity, age group, and mechanism of death.Public Health ActionInterventions to prevent suicides should be ongoing, particularly in rural areas. Comprehensive suicide prevention efforts might include leveraging protective factors and providing innovative prevention strategies that increase access to health care and mental health care in rural communities. In addition, distribution of socioeconomic factors varies in different communities and needs to be better understood in the context of suicide prevention.

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“…This decline resulted in the elimination of the black-white disparity gap in 2010 and a lower death rate in blacks than in whites thereafter. 4 For diseases of the heart, the death rate disparity in blacks relative to whites declined from 27.6% in 1999 to 22.2% in 2015 (Table 1). 4 Despite this progress, blacks <65 years old and several population groups and communities continue to demonstrate marked cardiovascular disparities, and in some settings, the disparities are widening.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 Despite this progress, blacks <65 years old and several population groups and communities continue to demonstrate marked cardiovascular disparities, and in some settings, the disparities are widening. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] These disparities arise from differences in major cardiovascular risk factors and causes of death and disability that are preventable [1][2][3]13 and are seen in all stages of the life course beginning in the intrauterine environment 14,15 and early childhood [16][17][18] through young adulthood [19][20][21] and old age. [22][23][24] In addition, social determinants of health, such as low socioeconomic status (SES), stress, poor social support, depression, anxiety, and living in disadvantaged neighborhoods, contribute to cardiovascular disparities.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reducing Cardiovascular Disparities Through Community-Engaged Implementation Research

Mensah

Cooper

Siega‐Riz

et al. 2018

Circulation Research

Self Cite

111

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Cardiovascular disparities remain pervasive in the United States. Unequal disease burden is evident among population groups based on sex, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, educational attainment, nativity, or geography. Despite the significant declines in cardiovascular disease mortality rates in all demographic groups during the last 50 years, large disparities remain by sex, race, ethnicity, and geography. Recent data from modeling studies, linked micromap plots, and small-area analyses also demonstrate prominent variation in cardiovascular disease mortality rates across states and counties, with an especially high disease burden in the southeastern United States and Appalachia. Despite these continued disparities, few large-scale intervention studies have been conducted in these high-burden populations to examine the feasibility of reducing or eliminating cardiovascular disparities. To address this challenge, on June 22 and 23, 2017, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute convened experts from a broad range of biomedical, behavioral, environmental, implementation, and social science backgrounds to summarize the current state of knowledge of cardiovascular disease disparities and propose intervention strategies aligned with the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute mission. This report presents the themes, challenges, opportunities, available resources, and recommended actions discussed at the workshop. (Circ Res. 2018;122:213-230.

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Vital Signs: Racial Disparities in Age-Specific Mortality Among Blacks or African Americans — United States, 1999–2015

Cited by 334 publications

References 14 publications

Increasing Disparities in Mortality by Socioeconomic Status

Increasing Disparities in Mortality by Socioeconomic Status

Suicide Trends Among and Within Urbanization Levels by Sex, Race/Ethnicity, Age Group, and Mechanism of Death — United States, 2001–2015

Reducing Cardiovascular Disparities Through Community-Engaged Implementation Research

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