Vitamin A-Mediated Birth Defects: A Narrative Review

Abstract

Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) or excess in expectant mothers can result in fetal abnormalities such as night blindness, bone anomalies, or epithelial cell problems. In contrast, excessive vitamin A in pregnancy can precipitate fetal central nervous system deformities. During pregnancy, a pregnant woman should monitor her vitamin A intake ensuring she gets the recommended dosage, but also ensuring she doesn't exceed the recommended dosage, because either one can result in teratogenicity in the fetus. The widespread and unregulated use of multivitamins and supplements makes consuming doses greater than the recommended quantity more common in developed countries. While vitamin A excess is more common in developed countries, deficiency is most prevalent in developing countries. With proper maintenance, regulation, and education about VAD and excess, a pregnant mother can diminish potential harm to her fetus and potential teratogenic risks.

Evaluating the Reliability of Health Portals’ Nutrition and Supplementation Advice for Pregnant Women: A Comprehensive Review

“…Importantly, it also includes information that vitamin A supplementation is not recommended for pregnant women, as does HealthLine. NCEZ and Medline Plus also warn against excessive vitamin A intake, mentioning that it can cause foetal defects, as confirmed both by WHO and in scientific studies [61][62][63]. Other portals provide only general recommendations without specific data.…”