Vitamin A or E and a catechin synergize as vaccine adjuvant to enhance immune responses in mice by induction of early interleukin‐15 but not interleukin‐1β responses

Patel, Sapna; Akalkotkar, Archana; Bivona, Joseph J.; Lee, Ji-Young; Park, Youngki; Yu, Man; Colpitts, Sara L.; Vajdy, Michael

doi:10.1111/imm.12614

Cited by 16 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Similarly, in the present study, supplementation of GS in SO has been found to increase antibody responses 2 weeks after the booster immunization. VE has been reported to exert immunostimulatory activities as an adjuvant to various vaccines and formulated in AS03 [15][16][17][18]. The present study found similar results that addition of VE in SO increased IgG1 numerically and IgG2a significantly.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Early IgG Response to Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine Formulated with a Vegetable Oil Adjuvant

et al. 2019

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The present study evaluated soybean oil (SO) containing vitamin E (VE) and ginseng saponins (GS) (SO-VE-GS) for their adjuvant effect on foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine. Since mineral oil ISA 206 is a common adjuvant used in the FMD vaccine, it was used as a control adjuvant in this study. VE and GS were found to have a synergistic adjuvant effect. When mice were immunized with the FMD vaccine emulsified in SO with VE and GS, significantly higher serum IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a were found than VE and GS used alone. SO-VE-GS and ISA 206 behaved differently in adjuvant activities. When mice were immunized with the FMD vaccine adjuvanted with SO-VE-GS, significantly higher and earlier production of serum IgG was found than that adjuvanted with ISA 206. Although both adjuvants significantly increased the number of bone marrow plasma cells, a stimulation index of lymphocytes (SI) as well as the production of IL-4 and IL-6, SO-VE-GS promoted significantly higher SI and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T cells with production of increased IFN-γ and decreased TGF-β1 as compared with the ISA 206 group. The data suggested that SO-VE-GS activated Th1/Th2 immune responses. Transcriptome analysis of splenocytes showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs), immune-related gene ontology (GO) terms, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were significantly enriched in the SO-VE-GS group. Therefore, the potent adjuvant effect of SO-VE-GS on the FMD vaccine may be attributed to the immune-related gene profile expressed in lymphocytes. Due to its plant origin and due to being much cheaper than imported mineral oil ISA 206, SO-VE-GS deserves further study in relation to vaccines used in food animals.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Early IgG Response to Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine Formulated with a Vegetable Oil Adjuvant

et al. 2019

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“…Our previous study demonstrated that a vegetable oil containing both vitamin E and ginseng saponins (SO-VE-GS) had adjuvant effect and significantly improved the immune response induced with an FMD vaccine in mice [ 32 ]. VE included in vaccines to improve the immunostimulation has been reported in other studies [ 33 , 34 ]. Morel et al found that VE was required for an adjuvant AS03 to achieve the enhanced antibody response [ 33 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Enhanced Immune Responses with Serum Proteomic Analysis of Hu Sheep to Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Emulsified in a Vegetable Oil Adjuvant

et al. 2020

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Our previous study demonstrated that a vegetable oil consisting of soybean oil, vitamin E, and ginseng saponins (SO-VE-GS) had an adjuvant effect on a foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine in a mouse model. The present study was to compare the adjuvant effects of SO-VE-GS and the conventional ISA 206 on an FMD vaccine in Hu sheep. Animals were intramuscularly (i.m.) immunized twice at a 3-week interval with 1 mL of an FMD vaccine adjuvanted with SO-VE-GS (n = 10) or ISA 206 (n = 9). Animals without immunization served as control (n = 10). Blood was sampled prior to vaccination and at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks post the booster immunization to detect FMD virus (FMDV)-specific IgG. Blood collected at 8 weeks after the booster was used for the analyses of IgG1 and IgG2, serum neutralizing (SN) antibody, IL-4 and IFN-γ production, and proteomic profiles. The results showed that IgG titers rose above the protection level (1:128) in SO-VE-GS and ISA 206 groups after 2 and 4 weeks post the booster immunization. At 6 weeks post the booster, the ISA 206 group had 1 animal with IgG titer less than 1:128 while all the animals in the SO-VE-GS group retained IgG titers of more than 1:128. At 8 weeks post the booster, 6 of 9 animals had IgG titers less than 1:128 with a protective rate of 33.3% in the ISA 206 group, while only 1 of 10 animals had IgG titer less than 1:128 with a protective rate of 90% in the SO-VE-GS group, with statistical significance. In addition, IgG1, IgG2, SN antibodies, IL-4, and IFN-γ in the SO-VE-GS group were significantly higher than those of the ISA 206 group. Different adjuvant effects of SO-VE-GS and ISA 206 may be explained by the different proteomic profiles in the two groups. There were 39 and 47 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) identified in SO-VE-GS compared to the control or ISA 206 groups, respectively. In SO-VE-GS vs. control, 3 immune related gene ontology (GO) terms and 8 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were detected, while 2 immune related GO terms and 5 KEGG pathways were found in ISA 206 vs. control. GO and KEGG analyses indicated that ‘positive regulation of cytokine secretion’, ‘Th1/Th2 cell differentiation’, and ‘Toll-like receptor signaling pathways’, were obviously enriched in the SO-VE-GS group compared to the other groups. Coupled with protein–protein interaction (PPI) analysis, we found that B7TJ15 (MAPK14) was a key DEP for SO-VE-GS to activate the immune responses in Hu sheep. Therefore, SO-VE-GS might be a promising adjuvant for an FMD vaccine in Hu sheep.

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“…Unlike arginine, citrulline is known to have antioxidant activity (1). It was reported that some compounds with antioxidant activity have immunomodulatory effects although the modes of action remain unclear (7,23,27,29). When modified M2e and amyloid β peptides were used as antigens, citrulline showed much higher adjuvant activity than that of the other vaccine antigens used in this study.…”

Section: Difference In the Adjuvant Activity Mechanism Between Citrulmentioning

confidence: 74%

Citrulline as a novel adjuvant candidate for vaccines

2019

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For a long time, many types of vaccines have been useful for the prophylaxis of many infectious diseases. Thus far, many adjuvants that enhance the effects of vaccines have been explored. However, very few adjuvants are being used for humans worldwide. In this study, we investigated the adjuvant activity of various substances, and found citrulline to have high potential as an adjuvant. Citrulline is a type of amino acid present in the body of many organisms. A number of biological activities of citrulline have been reported; however, no adjuvant activity has been reported thus far. Aluminum salts, which are commonly used as adjuvants are not water soluble; therefore, some difficulties are encountered while using them as vaccine adjuvants. Citrulline is easy to use because of its water solubility. In this study, we showed for the first time the adjuvant activity of citrulline by using viral antigens and amyloid β peptide. Water-soluble citrulline, which is present in our body, is a potential adjuvant candidate.

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Vitamin A or E and a catechin synergize as vaccine adjuvant to enhance immune responses in mice by induction of early interleukin‐15 but not interleukin‐1β responses

Cited by 16 publications

References 46 publications

Early IgG Response to Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine Formulated with a Vegetable Oil Adjuvant

Early IgG Response to Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine Formulated with a Vegetable Oil Adjuvant

Enhanced Immune Responses with Serum Proteomic Analysis of Hu Sheep to Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Emulsified in a Vegetable Oil Adjuvant

<b>Citrulline as a novel adjuvant candidate for </b><b>vaccines</b>

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