Vitamin B12-Containing Plant Food Sources for Vegetarians

Watanabe, Fumio; Yabuta, Yukinori; Teng, Fei

doi:10.3390/nu6051861

Cited by 209 publications

(140 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Dried green and purple laver have been the most popular selections of edible seaweed and also contain high amounts of vitamin B 12 . [33,34] Vitamin B 12 is most commonly found in animal sources and therefore are more difficult to obtain with lower meat consumption. [33] Surveys conducted by NHANES indicated a peak in meat consumption from ages 20-49 and a decrease in meat consumption in older age.…”

Section: World Journal Of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[33,34] Vitamin B 12 is most commonly found in animal sources and therefore are more difficult to obtain with lower meat consumption. [33] Surveys conducted by NHANES indicated a peak in meat consumption from ages 20-49 and a decrease in meat consumption in older age. [35] The decrease in meat consumption may create deficiencies in vitamin B 12 and other nutrients that may be risk factors to depression and dementia.…”

Section: World Journal Of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Marine Algae as a Source of Prevention and Relief in Those With Depression and Dementia

Williams¹

2017

WJPPS

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Although not as common as those in young adults, the prevalence of late-onset depression has been reported to be increasing in its global incidence. Late-onset depression is generally a product of cognitive deficit and decline, rather than genetic history. Past studies have shown links between the development of depression, dementia, and vascular diseases especially with respect to the nutritional constituents as causative factors. Individuals with depression and dementia tend to be deficient in folate, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and vitamin B 12 . Folate and vitamin B 12 are essential to the metabolism of neurotransmitters necessary in mood regulation (dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenalin), as well as the conversion of homocysteine to cysteine. High levels of homocysteine may result in damage to neuronal pathways and DNA, increasing the risk of dementia. Another risk factor of dementia is the rapid metabolism of neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) due to the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE).Various types of seaweeds have been found to contain properties and nutrients to alleviate such symptoms and risk factors. These remedies include high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, folate, vitamin B 12 , AChE inhibition and fucoidan. Fucoidan is a compound found in seaweeds that has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. Further research with the incorporation of seaweeds into common diets may allow for natural prevention and treatment.

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Section: World Journal Of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: World Journal Of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marine Algae as a Source of Prevention and Relief in Those With Depression and Dementia

Williams¹

2017

WJPPS

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“…Some authors disagree with this fact [9,10], but recent studies have shown that plant cell has the ability to produce only similar to B12 compounds (called pseudo-B12), which compete with B12 for the same cellular receptors, i.e., prevent normal physiological absorption of B12 [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin B12: Could It Be a Promising Immunotherapy?

Todorova¹,

Ermenlieva²,

Tsankova³

2017

Immunotherapy - Myths, Reality, Ideas, Future

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Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble vitamin and an important micronutrient with critical role in DNA, protein, and lipid synthesis. It is responsible for one-carbon metabolism and cell division of nervous and hematopoietic cells. Among its various functions, the role as immunomodulator in cellular immunity, especially in elevating the number of CD8+ cells and NK cells, atracts scientiic interest. Many alternative anticancer and anti-inlammatory treatments involve the use of B12 together with other vitamins and nutrients, but still the scientiic information is too obscure and insuicient. Controversial data link tumorigenesis with either increased or decreased B12 blood levels in diferent types of cancer. Dietary intake and additional supplement with the vitamin do not protect against cancer risk, but the dominant opinion is to integrate B12 as part of rational and healthy nutrition to ensure proper function of the immune system. This chapter will review in brief the most important facts for vitamin B12 functions and properties. We will try also to present in concise way the human immune system and the exact role of B12 in immune activity with emphasis on the questionable participation of vitamin B12 in the process of carcinogenesis and its signiicance as anticancer immunotherapy.Keywords: vitamin B12, immunonutrition, immunomodulation, immunotherapy, tumorigenesis, cancer, inlammation IntroductionCancer is the inal outcome of uncontrolled overgrowth of normal cells. Cancer cells remain insensitive to antiproliferative signals and apoptosis. As a result, they replicate, proliferate, and invade ininitely and aggressively. Although the genetic events are thought to be the most important in the process of carcinogenesis, other factors can facilitate abnormal cell development. For many years, inlammation and anti-inlammatory response were widely associated with malignancy [1, 2] and recognized as major elements that trigger carcinogenesis.© 2017 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Extended inlammation, especially in chronic infections, predisposes to cancer, but still the mechanism(s) involved is (are) not deinitely known. Usually all inlammatory processes are followed rapidly by anti-inlammatory defense response-excessive production of proinlammatory signals (mediators) and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. The pro-inlammatory mediators (cytokines, chemokines, and eicosanoids) may stimulate proliferation of both untransformed and tumor cells [2]. The reactive oxygen and nitrogen species lead to oxidative stress and damage of macromolecules, especially DNA to increase the risk of genetic mutations and tumorigenesis [3].A continuously increasing number of microelements, vitamins, and mineral salts are reported to modulate the immune response and counter the inlamm...

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“…8 Thus, strict vegetarians and elderly people have an increased risk of developing B 12 deficiency. 6,9 Megaloblastic anemia and neuropathy are wellknown symptoms of B 12 deficiency, 6 but the molecular mechanism underlying such diseases is still poorly understood. 10 Caenorhabditis elegans, consisting of 959 somatic cells, shows a very short life cycle and has the ability to change its locomotor behavior, reproductive rate, and lifespan.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemistry, function, and deficiency of vitamin B₁₂ in Caenorhabditis elegans

Bito

2016

Exp Biol Med (Maywood)

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Caenorhabditis elegans is a nematode that has been widely used as an animal for investigation of diverse biological phenomena. Vitamin B 12 is essential for the growth of this worm, which contains two cobalamin-dependent enzymes, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase and methionine synthase. A full complement of gene homologs encoding the enzymes associated with the mammalian intercellular metabolic processes of vitamin B 12 is identified in the genome of C. elegans. However, this worm has no orthologs of the vitamin B 12 -binders that participate in human intestinal absorption and blood circulation. When the worm is treated with a vitamin B 12 -deficient diet for five generations (15 days), it readily develops vitamin B 12 deficiency, which induces worm phenotypes (infertility, delayed growth, and shorter lifespan) that resemble the symptoms of mammalian vitamin B 12 deficiency. Such phenotypes associated with vitamin B 12 deficiency were readily induced in the worm.

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Vitamin B12-Containing Plant Food Sources for Vegetarians

Cited by 209 publications

References 66 publications

Marine Algae as a Source of Prevention and Relief in Those With Depression and Dementia

Marine Algae as a Source of Prevention and Relief in Those With Depression and Dementia

Vitamin B12: Could It Be a Promising Immunotherapy?

Biochemistry, function, and deficiency of vitamin B₁₂ in Caenorhabditis elegans

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Vitamin B12-Containing Plant Food Sources for Vegetarians

Cited by 209 publications

References 66 publications

Marine Algae as a Source of Prevention and Relief in Those With Depression and Dementia

Marine Algae as a Source of Prevention and Relief in Those With Depression and Dementia

Vitamin B12: Could It Be a Promising Immunotherapy?

Biochemistry, function, and deficiency of vitamin B12 in Caenorhabditis elegans

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Product

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Biochemistry, function, and deficiency of vitamin B₁₂ in Caenorhabditis elegans