Vitamin C—Sources, Physiological Role, Kinetics, Deficiency, Use, Toxicity, and Determination

Doseděl, Martin; Jirkovský, Eduard; Macáková, Kateřina; Krčmová, Lenka Kujovská; Javorská, Lenka; Pourová, Jana; Mercolini, Laura; Remião, Fernando; Nováková, Lucie; Mladěnka, Přemysl

doi:10.3390/nu13020615

Cited by 284 publications

(238 citation statements)

References 244 publications

(425 reference statements)

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“…Vitamin C appears to be able to both prevent and treat respiratory and systemic infections by enhancing various immune cell functions [ 19 , 56 ]. Traditionally, these are correlated to antioxidant properties (<10 mM plasma concentration) and have been repeatedly confirmed in vitro.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ex Vivo Evaluation of the Sepsis Triple Therapy High-Dose Vitamin C in Combination with Vitamin B1 and Hydrocortisone in a Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) Model

et al. 2021

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Sepsis is an extremely complex clinical syndrome, usually involving an excessive inflammatory response including an overshooting cytokine release that damages tissue and organs of the patient. Due to the severity of this condition, it is estimated that over 11 million people die from sepsis each year. Despite intensive research in the field, there is still no specific therapy for sepsis. Many sepsis patients show a marked deficiency of vitamin C. 9 out of 10 sepsis patients have a hypovitaminosis C, and every third patient even shows a clinical deficiency in the scurvy range. In addition, low vitamin C levels of intensive care sepsis patients correlate with a higher need for vasopressors, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores, and increased mortality. Based on this observation and the conducted clinical trials using vitamin C as sepsis therapy in intensive care patients, the aim of the present ex vivo study was to evaluate the effects of high-dose vitamin C alone and in a triple combination supplemented with vitamin B1 (thiamine) and hydrocortisone on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy human donors. We found that all corticosteroid combinations strongly reduced the cytokine response on RNA- and protein levels, while high-dose vitamin C alone significantly diminished the PBMC mediated secretion of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-10, IL-23, and monocyte chemo-attractant protein (MCP-1), which mediate the inflammatory response. However, vitamin C showed no enhancing effect on the secretion of further cytokines studied. This data provides important insights into the possible immunomodulatory function of vitamin C in an ex vivo setting of human PBMCs and the modulation of their cytokine profile in the context of sepsis. Since vitamin C is a vital micronutrient, the restoration of physiologically adequate concentrations should be integrated into routine sepsis therapy, and the therapeutic effects of supraphysiological concentrations of vitamin C in sepsis patients should be further investigated in clinical trials.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ex Vivo Evaluation of the Sepsis Triple Therapy High-Dose Vitamin C in Combination with Vitamin B1 and Hydrocortisone in a Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) Model

et al. 2021

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“…Such fermented products are a valuable source of vitamin C, in which its strongly acidic medium protects the products from oxidation. Content of vitamin C in various foods is relatively high (10-100 mg/100 g), and in some cases, it reaches units of grams per 100 g. This is possibly related to the fact that vitamin C is formed from sugars, which are common compounds in different organisms [43]. Peñas et al [44] state that the content of vitamin C in fermented cabbage (sauerkraut) is even higher than in most fresh vegetables.…”

Section: Vitaminsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health-Promoting Constituents and Selected Quality Parameters of Different Types of Kimchi: Fermented Plant Products

Korus

Bernaś

Korus

2021

International Journal of Food Science

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality and health-promoting constituents of several variants of kimchi obtained from Chinese cabbage, kohlrabi, white radish, and cucumbers. The level of dry matter, total soluble solids, ash, total acidity, pH, dietary fiber, and vitamins C, B1, and B2, as well as total polyphenols (TP) and antioxidant activity AA (ABTS, DPPH) in kimchi, were determined. In addition, color parameters were determined ( L ∗ , a ∗ , b ∗ , C ∗ , and h o ). Kimchi with the highest proportion of Chinese cabbage (63%) had the highest levels of dry matter (11.01 g), ash (2.57 g), and vitamins: C, B1, and B2 (51 mg, 52 μg, and 242 μg, respectively), expressed per 100 g of fresh weight. In addition, this product showed the highest total AA of 132.3 μmol Tx/g (ABTS) and 49.7 μmol Tx/g (DPPH) due to its high level of TP (194 mg/100 g). Cucumber-derived kimchi (85%) also had a high content of TP (147 mg/100 g) and high AA of 88.7 μmol Tx/g (ABTS) and 36.3 μmol Tx/g (DPPH). Additionally, stuffed kimchi from kohlrabi (88%) had the highest amounts of total dietary fiber, 3.65 g/100 g fresh weight. In all products, red ( a ∗ ) and yellow ( b ∗ ) were the dominant colors, with values of L ∗ ranging between 32.63 and 53.16. In general, our studies have shown that depending on the raw materials used, kimchi is a good source of dietary fiber but also vitamins and polyphenols.

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“…However, increasing the ascorbic acid intake to 100–200 mg/day will maintain normal plasma concentrations [ 178 ]. As a water-soluble vitamin, vitamin C is absorbed by active and passive mechanisms in the distal ileum [ 107 ]. Vitamin C levels are also dependent on renal excretion and reabsorption [ 179 ].…”

Section: Vitamin Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Impact of Selected Vitamins Deficiencies on the Risk of Disability in Older People

et al. 2021

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Vitamin deficiencies have a serious impact on healthy aging in older people. Many age-related disorders have a direct or indirect impact on nutrition, both in terms of nutrient assimilation and food access, which may result in vitamin deficiencies and may lead to or worsen disabilities. Frailty is characterized by reduced functional abilities, with a key role of malnutrition in its pathogenesis. Aging is associated with various changes in body composition that lead to sarcopenia. Frailty, aging, and sarcopenia all favor malnutrition, and poor nutritional status is a major cause of geriatric morbidity and mortality. In the present narrative review, we focused on vitamins with a significant risk of deficiency in high-income countries: D, C, and B (B6/B9/B12). We also focused on vitamin E as the main lipophilic antioxidant, synergistic to vitamin C. We first discuss the role and needs of these vitamins, the prevalence of deficiencies, and their causes and consequences. We then look at how these vitamins are involved in the biological pathways associated with sarcopenia and frailty. Lastly, we discuss the critical early diagnosis and management of these deficiencies and summarize potential ways of screening malnutrition. A focused nutritional approach might improve the diagnosis of nutritional deficiencies and the initiation of appropriate clinical interventions for reducing the risk of frailty. Further comprehensive research programs on nutritional interventions are needed, with a view to lowering deficiencies in older people and thus decreasing the risk of frailty and sarcopenia.

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Vitamin C—Sources, Physiological Role, Kinetics, Deficiency, Use, Toxicity, and Determination

Cited by 284 publications

References 244 publications

Ex Vivo Evaluation of the Sepsis Triple Therapy High-Dose Vitamin C in Combination with Vitamin B1 and Hydrocortisone in a Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) Model

Ex Vivo Evaluation of the Sepsis Triple Therapy High-Dose Vitamin C in Combination with Vitamin B1 and Hydrocortisone in a Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) Model

Health-Promoting Constituents and Selected Quality Parameters of Different Types of Kimchi: Fermented Plant Products

Analysis of the Impact of Selected Vitamins Deficiencies on the Risk of Disability in Older People

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