Vitamin D and HTLV Infection: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Background:Vitamin D has been associated with the pathogenesis of infectious diseases.Objective:To perform a systematic review on the association of vitamin D and outcomes of HTLV (Human T-cell lymphotropic virus) infection.Methods:We searched PubMed, LILACs, Scielo, Embase and Cochrane Library for studies addressing vitamin D and HTLV infection. We included studies published in English since 1980. Studies associated with HIV, bone metabolism and not related to HTLV- associated myelopathy/ tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) or adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) were excluded.Results:Twenty-three studies were selected and sixteen studies were included in the review (eight experimental studies, three case reports, three cases series, one cross-sectional study and one review). Fourteen studies were focused on ATL, and two on HAM/TSP. The available data show thatin vitroexposure to 1,25(OH)2D inhibits proliferation of HTLV-infected lymphocytes in patients with ATL or HAM/TSP. It has been observed that hypercalcemia, the main cause of death in patients with ATL, is not associated with serum levels of 1,25(OH)2D or parathyroid hormone-related protein, but leukemia inhibitory factor/D factor seems to be an important factor for hypercalcemia pathogenesis. It was also demonstrated an association between the VDRApaIgene polymorphism and a decreased risk of HAM/TSP in HTLV positive individuals.Conclusion:Despite the small number and heterogeneity of the studies, this systematic review suggests that vitamin D play a role in the pathogenesis of HTLV-associated diseases.

Hypovitaminosis D Is Associated with Higher Levels of Inflammatory Cytokines and with HAM/TSP in HTLV-Infected Patients

“…Once hypovitaminosis D is associated with negative outcomes of some infectious diseases, like sepsis, HIV, COVID-19, tuberculosis and respiratory infections, and there is increasing evidence about its role on the immune response, clinicians should consider routine screening of HTLV-infected patients for vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency [46,47]. Vitamin D supplementation is a cheap and safe intervention and could be recommended for patients with HTLV-1 infection in an attempt to improve their immune balance.…”