Vitamin D deficiency is related to worse emotional state

Abstract

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The aim was to evaluate vitamin D levels in young healthy Lithuanian males in winter and to find possible associations of vitamin D concentration to body composition, cognitive functioning, emotional state.</jats:p><jats:p>Subjects and Methods A total of 130 healthy males (age range, 18–26 years) were divided into the subgroups according to vitamin D concentration. The Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were employed in the assessment of emotional state. Cognitive functioning was assessed by the Trail Making Test and the Digit Symbol Test of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.</jats:p><jats:p>Results The mean concentration of vitamin D for the entire sample was 13.0±5.3 ng/ml. Only 2 persons (1.6%) had the recommended vitamin D level. Nearly half (45.4%) of study participants had vitamin D deficiency. Lower concentrations were associated with a significantly higher score on the POMS confusion-bewilderment scale. A tendency toward a lower mean depression-dejection score in the participants with a sufficient vitamin D level was observed. Vitamin D concentration correlated positively with body mass index (BMI) and inversely with the confusion-bewilderment score.</jats:p><jats:p>In conclusion almost half of the young healthy males participating in the study were detected to have vitamin D deficiency in winter. Low vitamin D concentrations are associated with a worse emotional state.</jats:p>

A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of The Effect of Low Vitamin D on Cognition

“…14 The authors demonstrated no difference in SES in high and low vitamin D groups. 14 For the studies that presented education across vitamin D groups, the majority (n = 10) 9,13,14,18,37,44,48-50,52 also observed no difference in level of education between high and low vitamin D, while seven studies 7,11,12,15,28,33,51 did report lower education in participants with low vitamin D. Two studies 34,35 performed no covariate adjustment. Most studies (n = 32) performed multivariate adjustments and four studies performed partial adjustments for at least age and education.…”

“…30,32 Most studies were mixed gender, two included only women 13,33 and five were male only. 16,18,[34][35][36] While the majority (n = 25) of studies recruited older adults, five investigated middle aged adults, 14,29,32,34,35 and 11 included both. 5,7,8,16,27,[36][37][38][39][40][41] Eight studies reported vitamin D as a continuous variable, 5,6,10,27,29,36,39,42 27 as a categorical variable, and three reported both.…”

“…5,7,8,16,27,[36][37][38][39][40][41] Eight studies reported vitamin D as a continuous variable, 5,6,10,27,29,36,39,42 27 as a categorical variable, and three reported both. Seventeen studies used a-priori cut offs 6,8,[14][15][16]28,34,35,37,41,[43][44][45][46][47][48][49] and 13 categorized into tertiles, 9,17,38,50,51 quartiles, 7,12,18,33 or quintiles. 13,40,52,53 The majority of studies analyzed serum 25OHD with four analyzing plasma 25OHD.…”

“…Stroop color-word, 9,42,44,50 Digit Symbol Coding, 7,15,47,49 finger tapping, 7 Symbol Digit Modalities Test, 8,9,46 Trail Making Test A 9,11,27,34,42,47,49 and B, 9,11,18,27,29,33,34,42,44,47,49 Best Symbol-Digit Substitution Test, 16,17,27,28,34,36,39,40,42 serial reaction time, 32,40,42,50 choice reaction time, 30,42 switch-cost reaction time, 32 letter cancelation, 14 Go-no-Go. 44…”

“…Ray Auditory Verbal Learning Test, 5,9,15 California Verbal Learning Test, 27 WAIS-Logical Memory delay, [40][41][42] East Boston Memory Test, 13 Wechsler Memory Scale-recall, 47 immediate and delayed word list recall, 7,14,17,39,42,43,50 Rappel indice-48 items, 29 Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure-recognition, 8 CANTAB-Paired Associate Learning, 46 Camden Topographical Recognition Memory, 16,36 WAIS-Visual Reproductions, 41,42 Wechsler Memory Scale-Logical Memory Recognition, 47 Digit Span-forward, 9,27,29,34,37,42,46,47 Digit Spanback, 9,13,27,29,34,37,42,46,47 Serial-Digit Learning Test, 39,40 CANTAB-verbal recognition, 37,46 CANTAB-spatial working memory, 37,…”