Vitamin D Deficiency

Holick, Michael F.

doi:10.1056/nejmra070553

Cited by 12,553 publications

(14,273 citation statements)

References 114 publications

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“…In humans, vitamin D deficiency generally is defined as a serum 25(OH)D concentration of <50 nmol/L. Serum concentrations below this concentration are associated with an increase in serum parathyroid hormone concentrations, which were not evaluated in the present study 1, 23. Fourthly, invasive gold standard tests of cardiac function, such as left ventricular d P /d t and τ, were not determined in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Firstly, it was a cross‐sectional study, and therefore our findings do not prove causality between vitamin D status in each of various stages of disease and cardiac remodeling. Secondly, vitamin D metabolism was not investigated, and the mechanisms involved in the decrease in serum 25(OH)D concentrations (eg, decreased intake, hepatic synthetic dysfunction, renal loss) were not determined 23. In particular, the vitamin D intake in enrolled dogs was not determined, although the calculated vitamin D intake in dogs with congestive heart failure was not significantly different from that of healthy dogs in a previous study 10.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Vitamin D Status in Different Stages of Disease Severity in Dogs with Chronic Valvular Heart Disease

Osuga

Nakamura

Morita

et al. 2015

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundIn humans with heart disease, vitamin D deficiency is associated with disease progression and a poor prognosis. A recent study showed that serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration, the hallmark of vitamin D status, was lower in dogs with heart failure than in normal dogs, and a low concentration was associated with poor outcome in dogs with heart failure.ObjectivesTo elucidate the vitamin D status of dogs with chronic valvular heart disease (CVHD) at different stages of disease severity.AnimalsForty‐three client‐owned dogs with CVHD.MethodsIn this cross‐sectional study, dogs were divided into 3 groups (14 dogs in Stage B1, 17 dogs in Stage B2, and 12 dogs in Stage C/D) according to ACVIM guidelines. Dogs underwent clinical examination including echocardiography. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were measured in each dog.ResultsSerum 25(OH)D concentration was significantly lower in Stage B2 (median, 33.2 nmol/L; range, 4.9–171.7 nmol/L) and C/D (13.1 nmol/L; 4.9–58.1 nmol/L) than in Stage B1 (52.5 nmol/L; 33.5–178.0 nmol/L) and was not significantly different between Stage B2 and Stage C/D. Among clinical variables, there were significant negative correlations between 25(OH)D concentration and both left atrial‐to‐aortic root ratio and left ventricular end‐diastolic diameter normalized for body weight.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThese results indicate that vitamin D status is associated with the degree of cardiac remodeling, and the serum 25(OH)D concentration begins to decrease before the onset of heart failure in dogs with CVHD.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Vitamin D Status in Different Stages of Disease Severity in Dogs with Chronic Valvular Heart Disease

Osuga

Nakamura

Morita

et al. 2015

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…Serum parathyroid hormone activity, for example, has been established as a marker in human populations in whom increases in parathyroid hormone serve as an indicator of 25(OH)D insufficiency 43. In people, the inverse relationship between parathyroid hormone and vitamin D concentrations is used to define both vitamin D inadequacy and target serum concentrations of vitamin D necessitating supplementation 44. Efforts to define a similar relationship between parathyroid hormone and vitamin D in dogs should be considered.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relation of Vitamin D Status to Congestive Heart Failure and Cardiovascular Events in Dogs

Kraus

Rassnick

Wakshlag

et al. 2013

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundVitamin D plays a pivotal role in cardiac function, and there is increasing evidence that vitamin D deficiency is associated with the development of congestive heart failure (CHF) in people.HypothesisSerum vitamin D concentration is lower in dogs with CHF compared with unaffected controls and serum vitamin D concentration is associated with clinical outcome in dogs with CHF.AnimalsEighty‐two client‐owned dogs.MethodsIn this cross‐sectional study, we examined the association between circulating 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], a measure of vitamin D status, and CHF in dogs. In the prospective cohort study, we examined whether 25(OH)D serum concentration was associated with clinical outcome in dogs with CHF.ResultsMean 25(OH)D concentration (100 ± 44 nmol/L) in 31 dogs with CHF was significantly lower than that of 51 unaffected dogs (123 ± 42 nmol/L; P = .023). The mean calculated vitamin D intake per kg of metabolic body weight in dogs with CHF was no different from that of unaffected dogs (1.37 ± 0.90 μg/kg metabolic body weight versus 0.98 ± 0.59 μg/kg body weight, respectively, P = .097). There was a significant association of serum 25(OH)D concentration on time to clinical manifestation of CHF or sudden death (P = .02).Conclusion and Clinical RelevanceThese findings suggest that low concentrations of 25(OH)D may be a risk factor for CHF in dogs. Low serum 25(OH)D concentration was associated with poor outcome in dogs with CHF. Strategies to improve vitamin D status in some dogs with CHF may prove beneficial without causing toxicity.

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“…The source, distribution and specific immunomodulating effects of VD3 are less well understood. In addition to nutritional uptake of cholecalciferol, precursors can also be formed in superficial skin layers when UVB irradiation and spontaneous isomerization non‐enzymatically convert 7‐dehydro‐cholesterol to VD3 8. However, VD3 does not efficiently bind the intracellular receptor vitamin D receptor (VDR).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In spite of the generation of VD3 from sun exposed skin, VD3 bioavailability may be insufficient as the result of habits of sun avoidance or protection and concomitantly insufficient nutritional uptake. An estimated 40–100% of US or European elderly and 1 billion people worldwide do not have sufficient VD3 levels 8. Although severe complications of childhood VD3 deficiency, most notably rickets, are rarely seen nowadays in countries with western lifestyle, the epidemiological associations of autoimmune diseases with VD3 insufficiency point to the importance of a mechanistic understanding of the interactions of the immune system and VD3 8, 9.…”

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confidence: 99%

Vitamin D immunoregulation through dendritic cells

2016

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SummaryVitamin D (VD3) has been linked to immunological processes, and its supplementation may have a role in treatment or prevention of diseases with underlying autoimmune or pro‐inflammatory states. As initiators of the immune responses, dendritic cells (DC) are a potential target of VD3 to dampen autoimmunity and inflammation, but the role of DC in VD3‐mediated immunomodulation in vivo is not understood. In addition to being targets of VD3, DC can provide a local source of bioactive VD3 for regulation of T‐cell responses. Here we review existing studies that describe the tolerogenic potential of VD3 on DC, and discuss them in the context of current understanding of DC development and function. We speculate on mechanisms that might account for the potent but poorly understood tolerogenic activities of VD3 and the role of DC as both targets and sources of this hormone.

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Vitamin D Deficiency

Cited by 12,553 publications

References 114 publications

Vitamin D Status in Different Stages of Disease Severity in Dogs with Chronic Valvular Heart Disease

Vitamin D Status in Different Stages of Disease Severity in Dogs with Chronic Valvular Heart Disease

Relation of Vitamin D Status to Congestive Heart Failure and Cardiovascular Events in Dogs

Vitamin D immunoregulation through dendritic cells

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