Vitamin D fortification of growing up milk prevents decrease of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations during winter: a clinical intervention study in Germany

Abstract

Vitamin D plays an important role in human health. Current recommendations for vitamin D intake and endogenous supply through sun exposure are not met in German pre-school children, and suboptimal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, especially during the winter months, are common. Consequently, vitamin D supplementation or fortification have gained increased acceptance. The KiMi trial (Kindermilch=growing up milk) was a prospective, randomized, and double-blind study in which young children (2-6 years of age, n=92) were assigned to receive either vitamin D-fortified growing up milk (2.85 μg/100 ml) or semi skimmed cow's milk without added vitamin D. Daily consumption of fortified growing up milk contributed to the prevention of an otherwise frequently observed decrease in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration during winter (before winter: median 21.5 ng/mL (10.1-43.0 ng/mL) intervention vs. median 18.4 ng/mL (11.0-44.9 ng/mL) control; after winter: median 24.8 ng/mL (7.0-48.2 ng/mL) intervention vs. median 13.6 ng/mL (7.0-36.8 ng/mL) control) and proved to be safe during summer (median 27.6 ng/mL (18.8-40.5 ng/mL) intervention vs. median 27.4 ng/mL (17.8-38.7 ng/mL) control). Due to the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, fortification of growing up milk with vitamin D at a level used in this study could be an effective measure to improve vitamin D status.

Dietary strategies for achieving adequate vitamin D and iron intakes in young children in Ireland

“…EAR or UL), which would otherwise be overestimated. Although vitamin D and iron status measures were not available from the NPNS, in many other populations, it has been shown that the approaches suggested in the present study can effectively improve vitamin D and iron status in young children . Misreporting or under‐reporting of energy intake are known limitations with all dietary assessments; this issue was minimised by a high‐level of researcher–participant interaction by trained nutritionists.…”

“…Fortified foods and supplements can represent an opportunity to improve intakes and adequacy of vitamin D and iron in all population groups (14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20) . The practical and theoretical impacts of vitamin D fortification of dairy products have been widely investigated, demonstrating that it is an effective strategy for increasing dietary intake and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations in many population groups (21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26) .…”

Vitamin D Intake and Status in 12-Month-Old Infants at 63–66° N

“…Analysis of serum 25(OH)D was only possible for those subjects with sufficient amounts of blood available, resulting in a small sample size. Analyses on parameters that have been used to complement 25(OH)D levels and/or used as blood safety measurements in other studies [34,35], such as parathyroid hormone, serum calcium, alkaline phosphatase and C-reactive protein, were not performed. There is a possibility that the method used for quantitative analyses of serum 25(OH)D may overestimate the 25(OH)D concentration in infants, due to the possible presence of C -3 epimers [36,37,38].…”

Applicability of Dry Milk Drinks in the Nutrition of Children After One Year

“…Положительные эффекты применения «третьих фор-мул» у детей старше 1 года отражены в результатах неко-торых современных исследований [5][6][7][8][9][10].…”

“…В 2013 г. опубликованы данные проспективного рандомизированного двойного слепого исследования, в котором 92 ребенка в возрасте 2-6 лет получали либо сухую молочную смесь для детей старше 12 мес, содер- ежедневное потребление «третьей формулы», обога-щенной витамином D, в летние месяцы было безопас-ным, поскольку не вызывало повышения концентрации 25(OH)D в сыворотке крови, несмотря на актив-ный эндогенный синтез витамина D в летние месяцы [5]. Сравнительное исследование потребления основных пищевых веществ и энергии в двух группах детей в воз-расте 1-2 лет во Франции, получавших коровье молоко или «третью формулу», показало, что прием обогащенной смеси значительно снижает риск недостаточности желе-за и витамина D, так же как и ␣-линоленовой кислоты и витамина С [6].…”