Vitamin D in inflammatory diseases

Abstract

Changes in vitamin D serum levels have been associated with inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis (MS), atherosclerosis, or asthma. Genome- and transcriptome-wide studies indicate that vitamin D signaling modulates many inflammatory responses on several levels. This includes (i) the regulation of the expression of genes which generate pro-inflammatory mediators, such as cyclooxygenases or 5-lipoxygenase, (ii) the interference with transcription factors, such as NF-κB, which regulate the expression of inflammatory genes and (iii) the activation of signaling cascades, such as MAP kinases which mediate inflammatory responses. Vitamin D targets various tissues and cell types, a number of which belong to the immune system, such as monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs) as well as B- and T cells, leading to individual responses of each cell type. One hallmark of these specific vitamin D effects is the cell-type specific regulation of genes involved in the regulation of inflammatory processes and the interplay between vitamin D signaling and other signaling cascades involved in inflammation. An important task in the near future will be the elucidation of the regulatory mechanisms that are involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses by vitamin D on the molecular level by the use of techniques such as chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), ChIP-seq, and FAIRE-seq.

Russian Association of Endocrinologists recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of vitamin D deficiency in adults

“…Все больше исследований показывают, что ви-тамин D может играть определенную роль в профи-лактике и лечении сахарного диабета 1-го типа [63], нарушении толерантности к глюкозе и инсулиноре-зистености [64], сахарного диабета 2-го типа [18,65], гипертензии [18,66], рассеянного склероза [67], ревматоидного артрита [68], ОРЗ и ОРВИ [69], ту-беркулеза [70], воспалительных заболеваний ки-шечника [71,72] и других заболеваний. Однако большая часть результатов в этой области получена в исследованиях in vitro, на животных моделях и в эпидемиологических исследованиях, а не РКИ, ко-торые признаны наиболее доказательными.…”

“…В то же время внекостные эффекты в большин-стве своем опосредуются через местное (чаще вну-триклеточное) гидроксилирование 25(OH)D в 1,25(ОН) 2 D с генерацией очень высоких внутрикле-точных концентраций активной формы витамина D, необходимой для индукции генных эффектов [93,94].…”

The Impact of Vitamin D Receptor Single Nucleotide Polymorphism on 1.25 (OH) Vitamin D3 and Bone Mineral Density in Egyptian Children with Beta-thalassemia

“…While there was a non significant difference as regard other parameters ( VDR, a nuclear receptor that binds to the active form of vitamin D. VDR functions is influenced by gene polymorphisms, among which a start codon polymorphism (rs2228570) is the most frequently investigated polymorphisms in the VDR gene [15][16][17].…”

Vitamin D Actions on Cell Differentiation, Proliferation and Inflammation

“…The 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 has an anti-inflammatory effect on the inflammatory profile of mono-cytes, down-regulating the expression and production of several pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 [17]. As inflammation is triggered, cytokines are released that activate endothelial cells, which in turn release additional pro inflammatory cytokines and present chemokines and adhesion molecules on their luminal surface.…”