Vitamin D insufficiency and health outcomes over 5 y in older women

Bolland, Mark J; Bacon, Catherine J.; Horne, Anne; Mason, Barbara; Ames, Ruth; Wang, Tom Km; Grey, Andrew; Gamble, Greg; Reid, Ian R.

doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28424

Cited by 117 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Patients with impaired renal function are prone to secondary hyperparathyroidism and subsequently, a high risk of fracture (36). Conversely, some epidemiological studies claim that high Ca intake promotes calcification of the coronary arteries and subsequently increases the risk of myocardial infarction in older women (37)(38)(39). However, Samelson et al (40) recently published the results of their prospective observational cohort study in which they found no evidence that additional Ca intake in dietary food sources had any effect on coronary artery calcification.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

The Impact of Different Amounts of Calcium Intake on Bone Mass and Arterial Calcification in Ovariectomized Rats

Agata

Park

Hattori

et al. 2015

J Nutr Sci Vitaminol

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SummaryReduced estrogen secretion and low calcium (Ca) intake are risk factors for bone loss and arterial calcification in female rodents. To evaluate the effects of Ca intake at different amounts on bone mass changes and arterial calcification, 8-wk-old female Wistar rats were randomly placed in ovariectomized (OVX) control and OVX with vitamin D3 plus nicotine (VDN) treatment groups. The OVX with VDN rats were then divided into six groups to receive different amounts of Ca in their diets: 0.01%, 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.6%, 1.2%, or 2.4% Ca. After 8 wk of administration, low Ca intake groups with 0.01% and 0.1% Ca diets had significantly reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mechanical properties as compared with those of the other groups, whereas high Ca intake groups with 1.2% and 2.4% Ca diets showed no differences as compared with the 0.6% Ca intake group. For both the 0.01% and 2.4% Ca intake groups, Ca levels in their thoracic arteries were significantly higher as compared with those of the 0.6% Ca diet group, and that was highly correlated with serum PTH levels. An increase in relative BMP-2 mRNA expression in the arterial tissues of the 0.01% and 2.4% Ca diet groups was also observed. These results suggested that extremely low Ca intake during periods of estrogen deficiency may be a possible risk for the complications of reduced BMD and arterial calcification and that extremely high Ca intake may promote arterial calcification with no changes in BMD.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

The Impact of Different Amounts of Calcium Intake on Bone Mass and Arterial Calcification in Ovariectomized Rats

Agata

Park

Hattori

et al. 2015

J Nutr Sci Vitaminol

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“…However, protein supplementation studies have failed to consistently demonstrate benefit (75) although investigation of the role of protein supplementation as part of a multifactorial intervention is ongoing (76) . Additionally, although vitamin D receptors are found on skeletal muscle cells and myopathy is a feature of vitamin D deficient diseases, low serum vitamin D is not always associated with low physical function (77)(78)(79)(80)(81) in observational studies and supplementation studies also show mixed results (72,82,83) . However, the recognition of sarcopenia and frailty as important medical syndromes has fuelled interest in the development of effective interventions and it is likely that this will be an area of change over the coming few years.…”

Section: Relationship Between Sarcopenia and Frailtymentioning

confidence: 99%

Ageing well: a review of sarcopenia and frailty

2015

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Conference on 'Nutrition and age-related muscle loss, sarcopenia and cachexia' 'Ageing well' has been declared a global health priority by the World Health Organisation and the role of sarcopenia and frailty in late-life health is receiving increasing attention. Frailty is the decline in an individual's homeostatic function, strength and physiologic reserves leading to increased vulnerability, while sarcopenia describes the loss of muscle mass and function with age. The conceptual definitions of these conditions have been widely agreed but there is a lack of consensus on how to measure them. We review the different operational definitions described in the literature and the evidence that, whatever definition used, the prevalence and clinical impact of these conditions is high. We also consider the commonality of low physical function to both conditions, a feature which could provide a pragmatic way forward in terms of identifying those at risk. Objective measures of physical function such as usual walking speed are simple and feasible measures, extensively validated against health outcomes. Additionally, clinical applications of sarcopenia and frailty are reviewed with particular consideration to their potential role in the management of older people undergoing surgery. Frailty appears to outperform traditional anaesthetic and surgical risk scores in terms of its association with post-operative complications, length of hospital stay, institutionalisation and mortality. However, even within this sub-specialty area there is wide variation in the approaches used to measure frailty and there is an urgent need for studies to utilise established, validated and reproducible methods to identify sarcopenia and frailty in their study participants, in order to expedite scientific development. Sarcopenia: Frail elderly: AgeingBy 2050 the proportion of the world's population aged ⩾60 years is projected to be 22 %, double the proportion recorded at the turn of the new millennium (1) . Although population ageing is in one way a great public health success story, with mortality rates among older people continuing to fall (2) , in another way it presents significant challenges. For example, in the UK 60 % of people admitted to hospital are ⩾65 years old despite this age-group only comprising 17 % of the total UK population (3) . This disproportionate use of healthcare services by older people not only demonstrates the significant economic implications of an ageing population (4) , but also the morbidity experienced by many older people, reducing quality of life. However, it is not inevitable that *Corresponding author: Dr V. L. Keevil, fax +44 (0)1223 748676, email vlk20@cam.ac.uk Abbreviations: CGA, comprehensive geriatric assessment; FI, frailty index; PFP, physical frailty phenotype.

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“…In addition to these studies, a study from Israel, 10 including more than 180,000 participants, observed an 85% higher all-cause mortality in participants 11 in the bottom quartile (< 33.8 nmol/L) compared with the top quartile (> 65.2 nmol/L) [7]. The largest 12 study so far, which included almost 250,000 Danish men and women, reported an increased all-cause 13 mortality (RR=2.13, 95% CI 2.02-2. from the US [14][15][16][17], Finland [18], Sweden [12], and Germany [19] and a recent meta-analysis 6 reported a pooled relative risk of 1.42 (95% CI 1.19-1.71) for CVD mortality when comparing the 7 lowest with the highest 25(OH)D categories. [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%