Vitamin D: seasonal and regional differences in preschool children in Great Britain

Davies, Peter S. W.; Bates, CJ; Cole, Tim; Prentice, Ann; Clarke, P. C.

doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600697

Cited by 83 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…However, Finnish children use more vitamin supplements containing vitamin D than has been reported in studies performed in child populations in other Western countries (Davies et al, 1999;Skinner et al, 1997Skinner et al, , 1999Noble et al, 2001). It is noteworthy, however, that the recommendation on the use of vitamin D supplementation varies in different countries and that study methods, time periods and definitions of dietary supplements, the sample selection and size as well as the age of the study subjects vary between the studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Circulating vitamin D concentrations reach their nadir in the winter months, and at that time the dietary intake of vitamin D has a greater impact on vitamin D status (Davies et al, 1999;Lehtonen-Veromaa et al, 1999, 2002. Recent public education campaigns to reduce the risk of skin cancer encourage that direct exposure to sunlight should be avoided in all age groups, and in infants in particular by using covering clothes and by applying sunscreen creams.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intake of vitamin D by Finnish children aged 3 months to 3 years in relation to sociodemographic factors

et al. 2006

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Objective: To study the total daily intake of vitamin D from food and supplements among Finnish children aged 3 months to 3 years, the dietary sources of vitamin D and the association between vitamin D intake and sociodemographic factors. Subjects and methods: The subjects are participants in the Finnish Type I Diabetes Prediction and Prevention Nutrition Study born between October 1997 and October 1998. At the age of 3 and 6 months, 1, 2 and 3 years, 342 (72% of the invited families), 298 (63%), 267 (56%), 233 (49%) and 209 (44%) families, respectively, participated in the present study. Food consumption was assessed by a 3-day food record. A structured questionnaire was used to record the parents' socioeconomic status. Results: The mean dietary vitamin D intake exceeded the recommendation (10 mg/day) at the age of 3 (11.0 mg) and 6 months (12.0 mg), but decreased thereafter being 9.8, 5.0 and 4.1 mg at 1, 2 and 3 years of age, respectively. Among the children 91, 91, 81, 42 and 26% used vitamin D supplements at the age of 3 and 6 months, and 1, 2 and 3 years, respectively. In children not using vitamin D supplements, vitamin D intake was less than 10 mg/day at all ages. Vitamin D intake from food did not differ in children who used and did not use vitamin D supplements. Vitamin D supplements were the main source of vitamin D intake in all age groups studied, followed by vitamin D-fortified infant formula in 3-month-olds and infant formula and baby foods in 6-month-olds. After the age of 1 year, the most important food sources of vitamin D were margarine, fish, baby foods, low-fat milk and eggs. Sociodemographic factors, especially the number of children in the family and maternal age, were associated with the total vitamin D intake and vitamin D supplement use. Conclusion: Vitamin D supplements are not used according to the dietary recommendations in a substantial proportion of Finnish children.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intake of vitamin D by Finnish children aged 3 months to 3 years in relation to sociodemographic factors

et al. 2006

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“…This is a positive finding for the Scottish population, which is reported to have the lowest vitamin levels in Great Britain (42)(43)(44) and is often referred to as the 'sick man of Europe' with respect to mortality and morbidity risk. When examining the variation in vitamin intakes, significance was found only for vitamins D (P , 0?01) and E (P , 0?001) between genders.…”

Section: Seasonal Variation In Energy and Nutrient Intakementioning

confidence: 89%

Evaluating energy intake measurement in free-living subjects: when to record and for how long?

Fyfe

Stewart

Murison

et al. 2009

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To nutritionally analyse mean energy intake (EI) from different 3 d intervals within a 7 d recording period and to evaluate the seasonal effect on energy and nutrient intake. Design: Cross-sectional study of dietary intake collected with 7 d food diaries. Setting: Aberdeen, north-east Scotland, UK, between 2002 and 2004. Subjects: Participants from two long-term trials were pooled. These trials, investigating genetic and environmental influences on body weight, were the Genotyping And Phenotyping (GAP) study and a cohort observational study, Rowett Assessment of Childhood Appetite and metaboLism (RASCAL). There were 260 Caucasian adults, BMI range 16?7-49?3 kg/m 2 , age range 21-64 years. Results: Mean EI for Wednesday, Friday and Saturday had the closest approximation to the 7 d mean (0?1 % overestimate). A gender 3 season interaction (P 5 0?019) with a different intake pattern for females and males was observed. For females, lower mean (SE) EI was recorded in summer (8117 (610) kJ) and autumn (7941 (699) kJ) compared with spring (8929 (979) kJ) and winter (8132 (1041) kJ). For males, higher mean (SE) EI was recorded in summer (10 420 (736) kJ) and autumn (10 490 (1041) kJ) compared with spring (9319 (1441) kJ) and winter (9103 (1505) kJ). Conclusions:The study results indicate that 3 d weighed intakes recorded from Wednesday, Friday and Saturday are most representative of 7 d habitual intake in free-living subjects. They also indicate that seasonality has a limited effect on EI and no effect on macronutrient intake. Keywords Dietary assessment Seasonal food intakeWeighed intake Food diary Metabolic rateWeighed diet records are considered the 'gold standard' when examining free-living energy and nutrient intake, with seven days of recording regarded as the best compromise between accuracy, investigator workload and subject compliance (1) . In practice however, 3 d weighed dietary records are often the assessment tool chosen by investigators for intervention studies, as they are deemed to be less intrusive for subjects (2) and can therefore improve subject recruitment. With the shorter recording period comes the concern whether the three recording days are representative of habitual intake (3) . Therefore, much research has focused on identifying feasible intakes and attempting to correct intake data. Specifically, the effects of 'misreporting' or 'under-reporting' of food intake (4) has been a main focus of attention, following better energy expenditure (and thus energy balance) methodology (5) . Within the literature, there has been less emphasis on the practical issues such as when to ask subjects to record, i.e. which day(s) or the effect of season, which may have an effect on achieving an assessment of habitual intake. Hartman et al. (6) reported that non-consecutive days were preferable due to a correlation between eating behaviour on consecutive days and Bingham (7) recommended a 3 d diary to include one weekend day and two weekdays, since weekend days are known to indicate higher repor...

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“…For example, in preschool children in the UK, mean 25(OH)D was approximately 70% higher in summer compared to winter [16], yet the potential tracking of 25(OH)D throughout the year has not been elucidated. Reproducibility of 25(OH)D status in samples obtained in the same month at one to 5 year intervals has been demonstrated in adults [104,105].…”

Section: Vitamin D Status and Bmd In Childhood And Adolescencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Risk factors for low 25(OH)D include skin pigmentation and lifestyle factors associated with reduced skin exposure to sunlight (including extensive skin covering, less outdoor play, greater sunscreen use), winter months, obesity [15], and even within the UK, children residing in Northern England and Scotland have lower 25(OH)D status than children in Southern England [13,16]. Therefore, the reported prevalence of VDD is dependent on the population studied; thus 73% of adolescent girls in a multi-ethnic school in the UK had a 25(OH)D<30nmol [17].…”

Section: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(oh)d] Is Currently Considered mentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D and skeletal health in infancy and childhood

et al. 2014

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During growth, severe vitamin D deficiency in childhood can result in symptomatic hypocalcaemia and rickets. Despite the suggestion from some studies of a secular increase in the incidence of rickets, this observation may be driven more by changes in population demographics than a true alteration to age, sex and ethnicity-specific incidence rates; indeed rickets remains uncommon overall and is rarely seen in fair-skinned children. Additionally, the impact of less severe vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency has received much interest in recent years, and in this review we consider the evidence relating vitamin D status to fracture risk and bone mineral density (BMD) in childhood and adolescence. We conclude that there is insufficient evidence to support the suggestion that low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] increases childhood fracture risk. Overall, the relationship between 25(OH)D and BMD is inconsistent across studies and across skeletal sites within the same study; however there is evidence to suggest that vitamin D supplementation in children with the lowest levels of 25(OH)D might improve BMD. High quality randomised trials are now required to confirm this benefit.

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Vitamin D: seasonal and regional differences in preschool children in Great Britain

Cited by 83 publications

References 8 publications

Intake of vitamin D by Finnish children aged 3 months to 3 years in relation to sociodemographic factors

Intake of vitamin D by Finnish children aged 3 months to 3 years in relation to sociodemographic factors

Evaluating energy intake measurement in free-living subjects: when to record and for how long?

Vitamin D and skeletal health in infancy and childhood

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