Vitamin D, Skeletal Muscle Function and Athletic Performance in Athletes—A Narrative Review

Książek, Anna; Zagrodna, Aleksandra; Słowińska-Lisowska, Małgorzata

doi:10.3390/nu11081800

Cited by 87 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…For that reason, vitamin D supplementation could influence VO 2max values given that CYP enzymes that activate vitamin D 3 have proteins with heme groups, which could potentially increase the affinity of oxygen binding to hemoglobin [5]. Conversely Książek et al [32] did not find any significant relationship between muscle strength, VO 2 max and highest vitamin D deficiency in professional soccer players from Poland tested during winter. In our study, just like in the Książek et al's research, we did not find any significant changes in VO 2 max at any stages of the study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…This result shows that during winter, soccer players had low skin synthesis and insufficient dietary supply of vitamin D [6][7][8]. Such a low level may cause deficits in strength, power and endurance but also may result in degeneration of type II muscle fibers and a slower rate of post-exercise recovery [6,32]. In January, after a 10-day training camp in Cyprus, where soccer players were exposed to the sun for 8 hours daily, the 25(OH)D significantly increased from 23.63 ± 5.9 ng/mL to 32.40 ± 6.3 ng/mL, which met the lower limit of sufficiency of this vitamin [12,13].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Influence of Sunlight and Oral D3 Supplementation on Serum 25(OH)D Concentration and Exercise Performance in Elite Soccer Players

et al. 2020

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of natural sun exposure and six weeks of a high dose of vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D, testosterone and cortisol serum concentrations as well as speed, power and VO2max in professional soccer players. Materials: The study was conducted from January to September. At the beginning of the study, 33 professional soccer players were enrolled; however, only 28 subjects (height 181.5 cm; body mass 77.81 ± 8.8 kg; body fat 12.38% ± 2.4% and muscle mass 40.27 ± 5.3 kg) completed the study. The research consisted of three stages. The first one, lasting 10 days, was conducted in January during a training camp in the south part of Cyprus at a latitude of 34 33°, where participants experienced natural sun exposure; it was called a winter sun exposure (WSE) period. The second stage, which was a supplementation period (SP), lasted 6 weeks, during which all subjects were randomly assigned either to an experimental group—EG (n = 15)—or a placebo group—PG (n = 13)—and were administered 6000 IU/d cholecalciferol or a placebo, respectively. The third stage took place in September, after summertime (summer sun exposure—SSE). The data of the 25(OH)D, free and total testosterone (fT, tT), cortisol as well as 5 and 30 m sprint tests (STs), power of the left leg (PLL) and VO2max were evaluated before and after the WSE period, the SP and SSE. Results: In January, the baseline value of vitamin D in 12 subjects was ≤20 ng/mL, and 14 of them had levels between 20–30 ng/mL and 2 individuals >30 ng/mL. After the WSE period, significant changes in 25(OH)D, fT, tT and cortisol concentration, as well as in the 5 m ST, were observed. After the SP, in the EG, significant changes were found in 25(OH)D, fT, tT and the 5 m ST. Furthermore, a positive correlation between the concentration of 25(OH) fT and tT was observed. After SSE, 2 out of 28 players had <20 ng/mL 25(OH)D, 12 of them had 25(OH)D between 20 and 30 ng/mL and 14 of them had 25(OH)D between 30 and 50 ng/mL. Significant differences in 25(OH)D, fT, tT concentration and the 5 m ST performance were observed following SSE compared with the WSE period. Conclusion: Due to the serum level of 25(OH)D demonstrated by most participants at the beginning of the study and after summertime, all-year-round supplementation with high doses of vitamin D seems to be a reasonable solution to enhance high 25(OH)D concentration in blood and physical performance. In the middle of the winter, almost half of the soccer players were serum deficient of 25(OH)D. After ten days of sun exposure and 6 weeks of vitamin D supplementation, the concentration of 25(OH)D significantly increased, as did testosterone and results in the 5 m sprint test also improved. Therefore, athletes should be constantly monitored for serum levels of 25(OH)D throughout the year and should be supplemented if deficiencies or insufficient amounts of this vitamin occur.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Influence of Sunlight and Oral D3 Supplementation on Serum 25(OH)D Concentration and Exercise Performance in Elite Soccer Players

et al. 2020

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“…Endurance training has been associated with adaptive changes in skeletal muscle, such as an ability to use oxygen to generate energy for muscle work, a decrease in oxygen demand for the same level of external work performed [1], and a modification in markers of muscle damage and inflammation [2]. In a recent study, a prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in extreme endurance athletes, and an association between a delayed physical performance and a deficiency in vitamin D were observed during regular training [2][3][4]. These physiological responses in skeletal muscles were influenced by exercise-induced mechanisms and were probably affected by the nutritional athletic status and a limitation of sun exposure [5][6][7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum total 25(OH) levels and biochemical markers of skeletal muscles in runners

Żebrowska

Sadowska-Krępa

Stanula

et al. 2020

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

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Background: The beneficial adaptation of skeletal muscle function to strenuous exercise is partially attributable to the improvement of vitamin D status. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of a 3-week vitamin D supplementation on serum 25(OH)D levels and skeletal muscle biomarkers (i.e. troponin, myoglobin, creatine kinase and lactic dehydrogenase) of endurance runners. Methods: A double-blind placebo-controlled study design was used and vitamin D supplementation was compared to a non-treatment control group. Twenty-four runners, competitors of the ultra-marathons held during the National Running Championships, were randomly assigned into two groups supplemented with the dose of 2000 IU vitamin D or placebo for three weeks. All subjects participated in three exercise protocols: (a) incremental exercise test (to determine the maximum oxygen uptake and the intensity of eccentric exercise), (b) eccentric exercise before and (c) after two dietary protocols. Venous blood samples were drawn at rest, immediately after the exercise and after 1 h and 24 h of recovery in order to estimate serum 25(OH)D levels, skeletal muscle biomarkers, proinflammatory cytokines and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels. A twoway ANOVA was used to test main effects and their interactions and Pearson correlation coefficients were analyzed to determine the effects of inter-variable relationships. Results: Significant differences between pre-and post-intervention in baseline 25(OH)D levels were observed (34.9 ± 4.7 versus 40.3 ± 4.9 ng/ml, p = 0.02) in supplemented group. A higher post intervention 25(OH)D level was observed after vitamin D diet compared to placebo (40.3 ± 4.9 versus 31.8 ± 4.2 ng/mL, respectively; p < 0.05). The vitamin D supplementation decreased post-exercise (TN max) and 1 h post-exercise troponin (p = 0.004, p = 0.03, respectively), 1 h post-exercise myoglobin concentration (p = 0.01) and TNF-α levels(p < 0.03). 24 h post exercise creatine kinase activity was significantly lower in supplemented group compared to placebo (p < 0.05). A negative correlation was observed between post exercise 25(OH)D levels and myoglobin levels (r = − 0.57; p = 0.05), and 25(OH)D levels and TNFα (r = − 0.58; p = 0.05) in vitamin D supplemented group.

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“…Whether vitamin D affects muscle function directly via vitamin D receptor in skeletal muscles or indirectly via systemic changes in calcium and phosphate levels is still a subject of debate 8 . Findings indicate that vitamin D affects the diameter and number of type II (fast twitch) muscle fibres, and that myopathy is caused by type IIA muscle fibre atrophy 31 . Type II fibres, which are the first to be recruited, predominantly generate energy anaerobically for a quick and powerful contraction, and exert 20% more force than type I (slow‐twitch) fibres 32 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D and stress urinary incontinence in pregnancy: a cross‐sectional study

Stafne

Mørkved

Gustafsson

et al. 2020

BJOG

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Objective To assess the association between levels of vitamin D and urinary incontinence (UI) in pregnancy. Design A cross‐sectional study. Secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Setting Two university hospitals in Norway. Population A total of 851 healthy, pregnant women >18 years in gestational weeks 18–22 with a singleton live fetus. Methods Data on UI were collected from a questionnaire at inclusion and serum analysis of 25‐hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) was performed. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were applied to study associations between exposure and outcomes. Main outcome measures Prevalence of self‐reported UI, stress (SUI) and urge (UUI) or mixed UI. Results In total, 230/851 (27%) of the participants were vitamin D insufficient (25(OH)D <50 nmol/l) and 42% reported to have any UI. Women with 25(OH)D <50 nmol/l were more likely to report any UI (P = 0.03) and SUI (P < 0.01) compared with women with 25(OH)D ≥50 nmol/l. In a univariable logistic regression analysis, serum levels of 25(OH)D <50 nmol/l was associated with increased risk of any UI (odds ratio [OR] 1.5 with 95% CI 1.0–2.1), SUI only (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.2–2.4), but not mixed UI or UUI only (OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.5–1.5). In a multivariable logistic regression model, serum levels of 25(OH)D <50 nmol/l were associated with a higher risk of experiencing SUI only (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1–2.2). Conclusions Serum 25(OH)D <50 nmol/l was associated with increased risk of any UI, and SUI in particular. Tweetable abstract Low levels of vitamin D are associated with increased risk of urinary incontinence in pregnancy.

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Vitamin D, Skeletal Muscle Function and Athletic Performance in Athletes—A Narrative Review

Cited by 87 publications

References 74 publications

Influence of Sunlight and Oral D3 Supplementation on Serum 25(OH)D Concentration and Exercise Performance in Elite Soccer Players

Influence of Sunlight and Oral D3 Supplementation on Serum 25(OH)D Concentration and Exercise Performance in Elite Soccer Players

The effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum total 25(OH) levels and biochemical markers of skeletal muscles in runners

Vitamin D and stress urinary incontinence in pregnancy: a cross‐sectional study

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