Vitamin D status of Year 3 children and supplementation through schools with fortified milk

Graham, David; Kira, Geoff; Conaglen, John V.; McLennan, Stephanie; Rush, Elaine

doi:10.1017/s1368980008004357

Cited by 16 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Of these, 121 [25-145] studies were on infants and children and 79 [146-224] were on women, while one study had both women and children as their study population [33] (Figure 2). Furthermore 125 [25-28,30,32-39,41-44,47,48,51,53],[54,56,59,60,62,63,65-73,75-77],[81-83,85,86,88-90,92,93,95-104,107-109],[111-117,119-127,129,130,132-136,139-144,223,225-228] of these trials were RCTs; the rest were quasi-experimental [46,55,61,74,78,87,91] and before-after studies [29,31,40,45,49,50,52,57],[58,79,80,84,94,95,105,131],[137,138,149,150,153,157,159-169,172],[174,177,181,183-186,189-191,193,195-…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Food vehicles chosen varied for each micronutrient fortification and are described in detail in the relevant section. For the 125 RCTs included in this review, randomization and allocation concealment were adequate in 41 of the studies [33-37,56,60,63,65,68,69,72],[75,77,83,88,92,97,99,101],[103,107,108,112,113,115,116,122],[125,127,132,135,139,140,142,143],[146,147,188,214,217], information regarding attrition rates was adequately discussed with reasons in 110 studies [33-39,41-44,47,48,51,53,54,56],[59,60,62,63,65,67-73,75-77,81-83],[85,86,88-90,92,93,96-104,107-109,111-117],[119-127,129,130,132-136,139-144,171,173,175],[176,178-180,182,187,188,192,194,201],[…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A total of seven RCTs, one quasi-experimental and two before-after studies were identified for vitamin D and calcium fortification [33,42,45,51,55,60,66,96],[133,134]. Milk was the preferred food vehicle and the amount of micronutrient used varied significantly among the studies.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Micronutrient fortification of food and its impact on woman and child health: a systematic review

2013

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BackgroundVitamins and minerals are essential for growth and metabolism. The World Health Organization estimates that more than 2 billion people are deficient in key vitamins and minerals. Groups most vulnerable to these micronutrient deficiencies are pregnant and lactating women and young children, given their increased demands. Food fortification is one of the strategies that has been used safely and effectively to prevent vitamin and mineral deficiencies.MethodsA comprehensive search was done to identify all available evidence for the impact of fortification interventions. Studies were included if food was fortified with a single, dual or multiple micronutrients and impact of fortification was analyzed on the health outcomes and relevant biochemical indicators of women and children. We performed a meta-analysis of outcomes using Review Manager Software version 5.1.ResultsOur systematic review identified 201 studies that we reviewed for outcomes of relevance. Fortification for children showed significant impacts on increasing serum micronutrient concentrations. Hematologic markers also improved, including hemoglobin concentrations, which showed a significant rise when food was fortified with vitamin A, iron and multiple micronutrients. Fortification with zinc had no significant adverse impact on hemoglobin levels. Multiple micronutrient fortification showed non-significant impacts on height for age, weight for age and weight for height Z-scores, although they showed positive trends. The results for fortification in women showed that calcium and vitamin D fortification had significant impacts in the post-menopausal age group. Iron fortification led to a significant increase in serum ferritin and hemoglobin levels in women of reproductive age and pregnant women. Folate fortification significantly reduced the incidence of congenital abnormalities like neural tube defects without increasing the incidence of twinning. The number of studies pooled for zinc and multiple micronutrients for women were few, though the evidence suggested benefit. There was a dearth of evidence for the impact of fortification strategies on morbidity and mortality outcomes in women and children.ConclusionFortification is potentially an effective strategy but evidence from the developing world is scarce. Programs need to assess the direct impact of fortification on morbidity and mortality.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Micronutrient fortification of food and its impact on woman and child health: a systematic review

2013

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“…The few results reported are shown in Table 2. School children (n = 89) of 7 years mean age, mixed race, and weight status who consumed additionally fortified milk formula (60 IU vitamin D/day) for 2 years were found to have higher HDL-C levels together with higher vitamin D 3 levels compared with controls but not that of TGs (60). In a small number of AA obese females Table 2: Summary of randomized control trials (RCTs) assessing the relation of vitamin D supplementation with metabolic syndrome or some of its components in children and adolescents.…”

Section: Vitamin D Deficiency and Its Relation To Mets Or Its Componentsmentioning

confidence: 96%

The relation of vitamin D status with metabolic syndrome in childhood and adolescence: an update

Challa

Makariou

Siomou

2015

Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism

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Among children and adolescents, metabolic syndrome (MetS) is more common than previously believed. Hence, any information on the relation between vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency and insulin resistance (IR) in this population with risk of developing MetS is of great importance. This review analyzes and evaluates the existing evidence from cross-sectional, observational, and retrospective studies concerning the effect of vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency on MetS as a whole or on its various components. Most data show that insufficient vitamin D status is associated with increased prevalence of MetS or its individual components, mainly blood pressure and IR, often independent of overall obesity or abdominal adiposity. The implications of these findings could be associated with increased risk for developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus in later life. The very few randomized control trials examining any possible beneficial effects of vitamin D supplementation are also included.

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“…In an intervention trial in New Zealand, where few foods are fortified with vitamin D, toddlers aged 12–20 months receiving milk fortified with vitamin D (36 IU/100 g) for 20 weeks had significantly higher serum 25(OH)D concentrations compared with baseline and with a study group receiving a meat intervention ( P < 0.01) . In another study in New Zealand, children in Year 3 (aged 7–8 years) who had received 300 mL of vitamin‐D‐fortified skimmed milk daily at school for 2 years prior to testing had significantly higher mean serum 25(OH)D than matched controls ( P = 0.01) . A study comparing vitamin D intake and status of 4‐year‐olds before and after initiation of national vitamin D fortification of milk and margarine in Finland in 2003–2004 found significantly higher intakes ( P < 0.001) and serum 25(OH)D ( P = 0.002) following fortification …”

Section: Dairy Product Consumption and Key Nutrient Intake And Statusmentioning

confidence: 98%

Dairy product intake in children and adolescents in developed countries: trends, nutritional contribution, and a review of association with health outcomes

2013

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Despite its contribution to nutrient intake and status, consumption of milk and dairy products by children and adolescents in many countries has waned in recent decades, with a substantial proportion of youth failing to meet intake recommendations. Dairy products remain an important dietary source of multiple micronutrients, including calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, iodine, potassium, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin B12 , and riboflavin (vitamin B2 ). In addition, dairy products provide children with energy, high-quality protein, and essential and nonessential fatty acids. A review of evidence was conducted to evaluate associations between milk or dairy product intake and health outcomes in children and adolescents. Results suggest a neutral or inverse association between consumption of milk and dairy products in children and adolescents and indicators of adiposity, incidence of dental caries, and hypertension. Available data indicate that dairy products are important for linear growth and bone health during childhood. Additional research--in particular, controlled intervention trials and long-term prospective cohort studies--is warranted to better understand how dairy intake affects health outcomes in children and adolescents.

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Vitamin D status of Year 3 children and supplementation through schools with fortified milk

Cited by 16 publications

References 25 publications

Micronutrient fortification of food and its impact on woman and child health: a systematic review

Micronutrient fortification of food and its impact on woman and child health: a systematic review

The relation of vitamin D status with metabolic syndrome in childhood and adolescence: an update

Dairy product intake in children and adolescents in developed countries: trends, nutritional contribution, and a review of association with health outcomes

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