Vitamin D supplementation does not enhance resistance training-induced gains in muscle strength and lean body mass in vitamin D deficient young men

Savolainen, Lauri; Timpmann, Saima; Mooses, Martin; Mäestu, Evelin; Medijainen, Luule; Tõnutare, Lisette; Ross, Frederik; Lellsaar, Märt; Unt, Eve; Ööpik, Vahur

doi:10.1007/s00421-021-04674-9

Cited by 10 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…Furthermore, muscle strength assessed by knee extension significantly increased in these two groups. The magnitude of increases in muscle strength as well as the changes in body composition in our subjects were similar to the changes reported in other studies [ 38 , 67 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…RT-induced increase in muscle mass and strength was largely based on changes in MPS [ 64 ]. Besides the direct impact through leucine-enriched whey protein, VD can also stimulate MPS through direct impact by increasing muscular VD receptor (VDR) level [ 65 ] and indirectly modulating the levels of anabolic hormones in blood [ 66 , 67 ]. Anabolic hormones serum testosterone (T) [ 68 ] and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) [ 69 ] levels are associated with muscle mass and can help improve muscle adaptations to RT in male adults.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Muscle-Related Effect of Whey Protein and Vitamin D3 Supplementation Provided before or after Bedtime in Males Undergoing Resistance Training

et al. 2022

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There is increasing evidence that dietary protein intake with leucine and vitamin D is an important factor in muscle protein synthesis. This study investigated the combined effects of consuming whey protein and vitamin D3 in the evening before bedtime or in the morning after sleeping on muscle mass and strength. Healthy, untrained males (N = 42; Age = 18–24 year) were randomly assigned into three groups: before bedtime, after sleeping, and control. Subjects underwent a 6-week resistance training program in combination with supplements that provided 25 g whey protein and 4000 IU vitamin D3 for the before bedtime and after sleeping groups and a 5 g maltodextrin placebo for the control group. A significant increase in serum vitamin D was observed in both before bedtime and after sleeping groups. All groups experienced a significant gain in leg press. However, the control group did not experience significant improvements in muscle mass and associated blood hormones that were experienced by the before bedtime and after sleeping groups. No significant differences in assessed values were observed between the before bedtime and after sleeping groups. These findings suggest that the combination of whey protein and vitamin D supplements provided either before or after sleep resulted in beneficial increases in muscle mass in young males undergoing resistance training that exceeded the changes observed without these supplements.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscle-Related Effect of Whey Protein and Vitamin D3 Supplementation Provided before or after Bedtime in Males Undergoing Resistance Training

et al. 2022

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“…The effect of time-dependent changes of serum 25(OH)D levels on preserving muscle mass has been uncertain, with a lack of comparable data. Two previous RCTs evaluated the benefit of vitamin D supplementation and changes in vitamin D levels on muscle mass and strength in young and middle-aged individuals, but neither found any significant benefits of vitamin D in improving muscle mass 13,14 . However, it is difficult to directly compare these study results with ours because these trials were underpowered with a sample size <40 and had a very short-term follow-up (12 weeks) in a setting of resistance training, wherein vitamin D was supplemented only as an adjunct intervention.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Several cross-sectional studies explored the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and muscle mass, but the results were conflicting ( 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ). Also, findings from small randomized–controlled trials (RCTs) showed no benefit of vitamin D supplementation on muscle mass gain in young individuals ( 12 , 13 ). With the lack of large and high-quality studies, it remains unclear whether vitamin D has any protective effect against low muscle mass (LMM) development in young people.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D and the risk of low muscle mass in young and middle-aged Korean adults

Kim

Chang

Ryu

et al. 2022

European Journal of Endocrinology

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Objective: Despite known benefit of vitamin D in reducing sarcopenia risk in older adults, its effect against muscle loss in young population is unknown. We aimed to examine the association of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] level and its changes over time with the risk of incident low muscle mass (LMM) in young and middle-aged adults. Design: A cohort study Methods: The study included Korean adults (median age, 36.9 years) without LMM at baseline followed up for a median of 3.9 years (maximum, 7.3 years). LMM was defined as the appendicular skeletal muscle (ASM) mass by body weight (ASM/weight) of one standard deviation below the sex-specific mean for young reference group. Cox-proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Among 192,908 individuals without LMM at baseline, 19,526 developed LMM. After adjusting for potential confounders, the multivariable-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) for incident LMM comparing 25(OH)D levels of 25–<50, 50–<75, and ≥75 nmol/L to 25(OH)D <25 nmol/L were 0.93 (0.90-0.97), 0.85 (0.81-0.89), and 0.77 (0.71-0.83), respectively. The inverse association of 25(OH)D with incident LMM was consistently observed in young (aged <40 years) and older individuals (aged ≥40 years). Individuals with increased 25(OH)D levels (<50 to ≥50 nmol/L) or persistently adequate 25(OH)D levels (≥50 nmol/L) between baseline and follow-up visit had lower risk of incident LMM than those with persistently low 25(OH)D levels. Conclusions: Maintaining sufficient serum 25(OH)D could prevent unfavourable changes in muscle mass in both young and middle-aged Korean adults.

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“…Vitamin D deficiency in older people is associated with a loss of muscle mass and strength, although supplementation (with or without an associated exercise program) does not appear to increase strength and muscle mass gains [ 174 , 175 ]. However, a recent systematic review found that supplementation with a combination of leucine and vitamin D was associated with a greater lean body mass [ 176 ].…”

Section: Vitamin Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Impact of Selected Vitamins Deficiencies on the Risk of Disability in Older People

et al. 2021

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Vitamin deficiencies have a serious impact on healthy aging in older people. Many age-related disorders have a direct or indirect impact on nutrition, both in terms of nutrient assimilation and food access, which may result in vitamin deficiencies and may lead to or worsen disabilities. Frailty is characterized by reduced functional abilities, with a key role of malnutrition in its pathogenesis. Aging is associated with various changes in body composition that lead to sarcopenia. Frailty, aging, and sarcopenia all favor malnutrition, and poor nutritional status is a major cause of geriatric morbidity and mortality. In the present narrative review, we focused on vitamins with a significant risk of deficiency in high-income countries: D, C, and B (B6/B9/B12). We also focused on vitamin E as the main lipophilic antioxidant, synergistic to vitamin C. We first discuss the role and needs of these vitamins, the prevalence of deficiencies, and their causes and consequences. We then look at how these vitamins are involved in the biological pathways associated with sarcopenia and frailty. Lastly, we discuss the critical early diagnosis and management of these deficiencies and summarize potential ways of screening malnutrition. A focused nutritional approach might improve the diagnosis of nutritional deficiencies and the initiation of appropriate clinical interventions for reducing the risk of frailty. Further comprehensive research programs on nutritional interventions are needed, with a view to lowering deficiencies in older people and thus decreasing the risk of frailty and sarcopenia.

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Vitamin D supplementation does not enhance resistance training-induced gains in muscle strength and lean body mass in vitamin D deficient young men

Cited by 10 publications

References 74 publications

Muscle-Related Effect of Whey Protein and Vitamin D3 Supplementation Provided before or after Bedtime in Males Undergoing Resistance Training

Muscle-Related Effect of Whey Protein and Vitamin D3 Supplementation Provided before or after Bedtime in Males Undergoing Resistance Training

Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D and the risk of low muscle mass in young and middle-aged Korean adults

Analysis of the Impact of Selected Vitamins Deficiencies on the Risk of Disability in Older People

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