Vitamin D3 Metabolism and Its Role in Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis and Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases

Abstract

The aim of this review was to present the metabolism of vitamin D3, as well as to discuss the role of vitamin D3 in bone metabolism, temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA), and autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) on the basis of the literature. Vitamin D3 plays a significant role in human health, as it affects the calcium-phosphate balance and regulates the bone metabolism. Calcitriol impresses the pleiotropic effect on human biology and metabolism. Its modulative function upon the immune system is based on the reduction of Th1 cell activity and increased immunotolerance. Vitamin D3 deficiency may lead to an imbalance in the relationship between Th1/Th17 and Th2, Th17/Th reg, and is considered by some authors as one of the possible backgrounds of autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD), e.g., Hashimoto’s thyroiditis or Graves’ disease. Moreover, vitamin D3, through its direct and indirect influence on bones and joints, may also play an important role in the development and progression of degenerative joint diseases, including temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis. Further randomized, double blind studies are needed to unequivocally confirm the relationship between vitamin D3 and abovementioned diseases and to answer the question concerning whether vitamin D3 supplementation may be used in the prevention and/or treatment of either AITD or OA diseases.

Development of Transmission Ambient Pressure Laser Desorption Ionization/Postphotoionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging

“…Vitamin D3 is one of the most important fat-soluble essential nutrients and is normally produced from 7-dehydrocholesterol when exposed to ultraviolet light. It has been reported that vitamin D3 has a significant impact on human health by affecting the calcium-phosphate balance and regulating bone metabolism. , Cholesterol, an essential component of cell membranes, acts as a specific precursor for steroid hormones and also plays a vital role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and the transduction of intracellular signals . Therefore, vitamin D3 and cholesterol have been demonstrated to be crucial biomolecules in the steroid metabolism network.…”

Relationship between vitamin D and adolescents’ hypothyroidism – a cross-sectional study

“…However, Szulc et al . found that vitamin D has an immune-modulator effect and it influences AITDs, including HT, and GD [ 22 ].…”

GSDMD inhibitor protects chondrocyte from mechanical injury in human articular cartilage

“…Recent literature has pointed out some new types of cell death, such as pyroptosis, parthanatos, ferroptosis, and necroptosis (22)(23)(24). A caspase-1/4/5/11 involved proinflammatory programmed cell death terms pyroptosis, which has been elucidated to participate in osteoarthritis (14). Cartilage breakdown is the typical pathological change in osteoarthritis, especially traumatic arthritis.…”

“…Pyroptosis has been verified to be associated with the development of arthritis (14), and the inhibition of pyroptosis is also useful in alleviating the process of arthritis (15,16). However, whether the suppression of GSDMD protects the CHs from pyroptosis in traumatic arthritis remains unclear.…”