Vitamin E requirement of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) and its' effects on nonspecific immune responses

Abstract

This feeding trial was conducted to determine the vitamin E requirement of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) and to study the effects of vitamin E on nonspecific immune parameters. Commercial sea cucumber diets supplemented with 0, 50, 100, 200, 500 or 1000 mg kg À1 vitamin E were fed to juvenile sea cucumber (7.96 AE 0.01 g) for 60 days. Specific growth rate and total coelomocyte counts were maximized in sea cucumber fed diets supplemented with 100 mg kg À1 vitamin E. Reactive oxygen species production was maximized at 50 mg kg À1 vitamin E, whereas superoxide dismutase activity was the highest in sea cucumber fed diets supplemented with 100 mg kg À1 vitamin E. The vitamin E concentration in the body wall of the sea cucumber increased as the vitamin E level in the diet increased. Analysis of specific growth rate and total coelomocyte counts of the sea cucumber indicated that 88-92 mg kg À1 vitamin E is required for maximal growth and nonspecific immune responses of A. japonicus and that 114.7 mg kg À1 vitamin E is required to minimize lipid peroxidation levels.

Effect of dietary oxidized oil and vitamin E on growth performance, lipid peroxidation and fatty acid profile ofLabeo rohitafingerlings

“…Furthermore, Peng et al () observed that oxidized oil fed black sea bream improved the growth performance and liver α‐tocopherol content after feeding with vitamin E (150 mg/kg) supplemented diet. Similarly, increase in α‐tocopherol level in tissues and reduction in lipid peroxidation of oxidized oil ingested fish by dietary supplementation of vitamin E have been reported by Huang and Huang () in tilapia, Chen, Li, Yu, Du, and Chen () in largemouth bass, Zhong et al () in Atlantic cod, Wang et al () in crab and Wang et al () in large yellow croaker. Nevertheless, no report is available on carps, which are farmed majorly in Eurasia.…”

“…Furthermore, in our study, higher deposition of α‐tocopherol was observed in fish fed fresh oil compared to fish which was fed oxidized oil. Lower detection of α‐tocopherol content in such fish groups indicates its higher utilization in alleviating the oxidative stress caused by oxidized dietary oil (Wang et al, ). This effect was more prominent in the liver tissues as compared to muscle tissues.…”

“…These oxidized lipids have the capacity to pass through the digestive tract, easily get into fish tissues and cause oxidative stress to the animal. The undesirable effects of consumption of dietary oxidized lipids on growth and meat quality of fish are evident from literature (Gao, Koshio, Ishikawa, Yokoyama, Mamauag, et al, ; Gao, Koshio, Ishikawa, Yokoyama, Ren, et al, ; Peng et al, ; Tocher et al, ; Wang et al, ; Zhong, Lall, & Shahidi, ). In fish, the symptoms related to lipid peroxidation are liver degeneration, anaemia, slow growth, reduced survival rate and reduction of tissue vitamin E contents (Sargent, Tocher, & Bell, ).…”

Change of digestive physiology in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) induced by corn kernels meal and soybean meal in diets

“…Four isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets (20.4% crude protein and 3.65% crude lipid) (Seo and Lee, 2011) were formulated: a control diet containing 50% Sargassum thunbergii, and 3 treatment diets in which 20% (R20), 40% (R40) and 60% (R60) proteins from S. thunbergii was substituted with the proteins from the mixture of corn kernels meal and soybean meal. Shell powder was used to regulate the main nutritional composition such as the protein and lipid in different diets to formulate the isoproteic and isolipidic diets, and it was also used as the calcium source in formulated diets (Xia et al, 2013;Wang et al, 2015).…”

“…Successful culture of sea cucumber requires both knowledge of nutrient requirements and suitable feeds. Thus numerous studies have focused on the nutrient requirements (Okorie et al, 2008;Seo and Lee, 2011;Wang et al, 2015) and optimal feed ingredients (Liu et al, 2010;Gao et al, 2011;Seo et al, 2011a, Xia et al, 2012 for this species.…”