Vitamin K<sub>2</sub>—a neglected player in cardiovascular health: a narrative review

Hariri, Essa; Kassis, Nicholas; Iskandar, Jean‐Pierre; Schurgers, Leon J.; Saad, Anas M.; Abdelfattah, Omar; Isogai, Toshiaki; Harb, Serge C.; Kapadia, Samir

doi:10.1136/openhrt-2021-001715

Cited by 32 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 120 publications

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“…Vitamin K 2 plays a role in cardiovascular health by regulating calcium homeostasis [ 20 ]. Vitamin K 2 regulates calcification by activating matrix Gla protein, which prevents vascular calcification, and growth arrest-specific 6, which affects vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis and movement [ 21 ]. In the case that ABCG5/ABCG8 transports vitamin K 2 , defects in vitamin K 2 transport by ABCG5/ABCG8 may be associated with the progression of atherosclerosis in addition to cholesterol transport impairment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ABCG5 and ABCG8 Are Involved in Vitamin K Transport

et al. 2023

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ATP-binding cassette protein G5 (ABCG5)/ABCG8 heterodimer exports cholesterol from cells, while Niemann–Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) imports cholesterol and vitamin K. We examined whether ABCG5/ABCG8 transports vitamin K similar to NPC1L1. Since high concentrations of vitamin K3 show cytotoxicity, the cytoprotective effects of ABCG5/ABCG8 were examined. BHK cells expressing ABCG5/ABCG8 were more resistant to vitamin K3 cytotoxicity than control cells, suggesting that ABCG5/ABCG8 transports vitamin K3 out of cells. The addition of vitamin K1 reversed the effects of ABCG5/ABCG8, suggesting that vitamin K1 competitively inhibits the transport of vitamin K3. To examine the transport of vitamin K1 by ABCG5/ABCG8, vitamin K1 levels in the medium and cells were measured. Vitamin K1 levels in cells expressing ABCG5/ABCG8 were lower than those in control cells, while vitamin K1 efflux increased in cells expressing ABCG5/ABCG8. Furthermore, the biliary vitamin K1 concentration in Abcg5/Abcg8-deficient mice was lower than that in wild-type mice, although serum vitamin K1 levels were not affected by the presence of Abcg5/Abcg8. These findings suggest that ABCG5 and ABCG8 are involved in the transport of sterols and vitamin K. ABCG5/ABCG8 and NPC1L1 might play important roles in the regulation of vitamin K absorption and excretion.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ABCG5 and ABCG8 Are Involved in Vitamin K Transport

et al. 2023

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“…Pentosidine is one of the components of AGEs. VK2 is considered to be related to vascular function in recent years ( 18 , 19 ), in addition to the role of the latest inhibitor of ferroptosis ( 20 ). We evaluated the previous the oxidative stress indicators in the intestinal tissue, serum and the previous vascular endothelial factors in serum.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut microbial evidence chain in high-salt diet exacerbates intestinal aging process

Liu

Zhao²,

Zhang³

et al. 2022

Front. Nutr.

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Although excessive salt consumption appears to hasten intestinal aging and increases susceptibility to cardiovascular disease, the molecular mechanism is unknown. In this study, mutual validation of high salt (HS) and aging fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in C56BL/6 mice was used to clarify the molecular mechanism by which excessive salt consumption causes intestinal aging. Firstly, we observed HS causes vascular endothelial damage and can accelerate intestinal aging associated with decreased colon and serum expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and increased malondialdehyde (MDA); after transplantation with HS fecal microbiota in mice, vascular endothelial damage and intestinal aging can also occur. Secondly, we also found intestinal aging and vascular endothelial damage in older mice aged 14 months; and after transplantation of the older mice fecal microbiota, the same effect was observed in mice aged 6–8 weeks. Meanwhile, HS and aging significantly changed gut microbial diversity and composition, which was transferable by FMT. Eventually, based on the core genera both in HS and the aging gut microbiota network, a machine learning model was constructed which could predict HS susceptibility to intestinal aging. Further investigation revealed that the process of HS-related intestinal aging was highly linked to the signal transduction mediated by various bacteria. In conclusion, the present study provides an experimental basis of potential microbial evidence in the process of HS related intestinal aging. Even, avoiding excessive salt consumption and actively intervening in gut microbiota alteration may assist to delay the aging state that drives HS-related intestinal aging in clinical practice.

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“…Studies on vitamin K effects in cardiovascular events have shown that a diet rich in foods containing this micronutrient may reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease [ 175 ]. Its implication in the cardiac and vascular pathology is due to role played in the matrix Gla protein activation, an extrahepatic γ-carboxyglutamate protein that was found to be the most potent vascular calcification inhibitor [ 176 ].…”

Section: Potential Role Of Nutrition In Prevention Of Cardiovascular ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Can Bioactive Food Substances Contribute to Cystic Fibrosis-Related Cardiovascular Disease Prevention?

Trandafir

Frăsinariu²,

Ţarcă³

et al. 2023

Nutrients

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Advances in cystic fibrosis (CF) care have significantly improved the quality of life and life expectancy of patients. Nutritional therapy based on a high-calorie, high-fat diet, antibiotics, as well as new therapies focused on CFTR modulators change the natural course of the disease. They do so by improving pulmonary function and growing BMI. However, the increased weight of such patients can lead to unwanted long-term cardiovascular effects. People with CF (pwCF) experience several cardiovascular risk factors. Such factors include a high-fat diet and increased dietary intake, altered lipid metabolism, a decrease in the level of fat-soluble antioxidants, heightened systemic inflammation, therapeutic interventions, and diabetes mellitus. PwCF must pay special attention to food and eating habits in order to maintain a nutritional status that is as close as possible to the proper physiological one. They also have to benefit from appropriate nutritional counseling, which is essential in the evolution and prognosis of the disease. Growing evidence collected in the last years shows that many bioactive food components, such as phytochemicals, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and antioxidants have favorable effects in the management of CF. An important positive effect is cardiovascular prevention. The possibility of preventing/reducing cardiovascular risk in CF patients enhances both quality of life and life expectancy in the long run.

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Vitamin K₂—a neglected player in cardiovascular health: a narrative review

Cited by 32 publications

References 120 publications

ABCG5 and ABCG8 Are Involved in Vitamin K Transport

ABCG5 and ABCG8 Are Involved in Vitamin K Transport

Gut microbial evidence chain in high-salt diet exacerbates intestinal aging process

Can Bioactive Food Substances Contribute to Cystic Fibrosis-Related Cardiovascular Disease Prevention?

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Vitamin K2—a neglected player in cardiovascular health: a narrative review

Cited by 32 publications

References 120 publications

ABCG5 and ABCG8 Are Involved in Vitamin K Transport

ABCG5 and ABCG8 Are Involved in Vitamin K Transport

Gut microbial evidence chain in high-salt diet exacerbates intestinal aging process

Can Bioactive Food Substances Contribute to Cystic Fibrosis-Related Cardiovascular Disease Prevention?

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Vitamin K₂—a neglected player in cardiovascular health: a narrative review