Vitamin K2 Needs an RDI Separate from Vitamin K1

Akbulut, Asim Cengiz; Pavlic, Angelina; Petsophonsakul, Ploingarm; Halder, Maurice; Maresz, Katarzyna; Kramann, Rafael; Schurgers, Leon J.

doi:10.3390/nu12061852

Cited by 54 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 104 publications

(142 reference statements)

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“…The recommended daily intake (RDI) of vitamin K is based exclusively on VK1, and we agree with the authors of a recent review who argue that, because of its unique physiological roles, VK2 warrants a separate RDI [ 12 ]. One additional consideration that we will discuss later is the contribution of intestinal VK2 synthesized by gut bacteria to the total physiological requirement for vitamin K. VK2 is better absorbed than VK1, and, of the different MKs, MK-7 is the most bioavailable [ 11 , 13 ].…”

Section: Comparison Of Vitamins K1 and K2supporting

confidence: 84%

Vitamin K2 Holds Promise for Alzheimer’s Prevention and Treatment

Popescu¹,

German

2021

Nutrients

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Recent studies have highlighted the importance of vitamin K2 (VK2) in human health. However, there have been no clinical studies investigating the role of VK2 in the prevention or treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a debilitating disease for which currently there is no cure. In reviewing basic science research and clinical studies that have connected VK2 to factors involved in AD pathogenesis, we have found a growing body of evidence demonstrating that VK2 has the potential to slow the progression of AD and contribute to its prevention. In our review, we consider the antiapoptotic and antioxidant effects of VK2 and its impact on neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, cognition, cardiovascular health, and comorbidities in AD. We also examine the link between dysbiosis and VK2 in the context of the microbiome’s role in AD pathogenesis. Our review is the first to consider the physiological roles of VK2 in the context of AD, and, given the recent shift in AD research toward nonpharmacological interventions, our findings emphasize the timeliness and need for clinical studies involving VK2.

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Section: Comparison Of Vitamins K1 and K2supporting

confidence: 84%

Vitamin K2 Holds Promise for Alzheimer’s Prevention and Treatment

Popescu¹,

German

2021

Nutrients

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“…Although the biological function of vitamins K 1 and K 2 is similar, there are differences with regard to bioavailability and tissue distribution. Half-life times of most K 2 vitamins are longer than that of K 1 , and vitamin K 2 may have more extrahepatic potential than K 1 (28) . Vitamin K 1 is found in green vegetables such as broccoli, spinach and kale.…”

Section: Triage-based Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin K metabolism as the potential missing link between lung damage and thromboembolism in Coronavirus disease 2019

et al. 2020

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, exerts far-reaching effects on public health and socioeconomic welfare. The majority of infected individuals have mild to moderate symptoms but a significant proportion develops respiratory failure due to pneumonia. Thrombosis is another frequent manifestation of Covid-19 that contributes to poor outcomes. Vitamin K plays a crucial role in activation of both pro- and anticlotting factors in the liver, and the activation of extrahepatically synthesised protein S which seems to be important in local thrombosis prevention. However, the role of vitamin K extends beyond coagulation. Matrix Gla protein (MGP) is a vitamin K-dependent inhibitor of soft tissue calcification and elastic fibre degradation. Severe extrahepatic vitamin K insufficiency was recently demonstrated in Covid-19 patients, with high inactive MGP levels correlating with elastic fibre degradation rates. This suggests that insufficient vitamin K-dependent MGP activation leaves elastic fibres unprotected against SARS-CoV-2 induced proteolysis. In contrast to MGP, Covid-19 patients have normal levels of activated factor II, in line with previous observations that vitamin K is preferentially transported to the liver for activation of procoagulant factors. We therefore expect that vitamin K-dependent endothelial protein S activation is also compromised, which would be compatible with enhanced thrombogenicity. Taking these data together, we propose a mechanism of pneumonia-induced vitamin K depletion, leading to a decrease in activated MGP and protein S, aggravating pulmonary damage and coagulopathy, respectively. Intervention trials should be conducted to assess whether vitamin K administration plays a role in prevention and treatment of severe Covid-19.

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“…Based on estimated dietary consumption, PK accounts for 50%, MK-4 makes up 10%, and MK-7, -8, and -9 represent 40% of total absorbed VK [23]. Being a fat-soluble vitamin, VK is taken up in the small intestine in the presence of dietary fat.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Vitamin K in Humans: Implication in Aging and Age-Associated Diseases

2021

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As human life expectancy is rising, the incidence of age-associated diseases will also increase. Scientific evidence has revealed that healthy diets, including good fats, vitamins, minerals, or polyphenolics, could have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, with antiaging effects. Recent studies demonstrated that vitamin K is a vital cofactor in activating several proteins, which act against age-related syndromes. Thus, vitamin K can carboxylate osteocalcin (a protein capable of transporting and fixing calcium in bone), activate matrix Gla protein (an inhibitor of vascular calcification and cardiovascular events) and carboxylate Gas6 protein (involved in brain physiology and a cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disease inhibitor). By improving insulin sensitivity, vitamin K lowers diabetes risk. It also exerts antiproliferative, proapoptotic, autophagic effects and has been associated with a reduced risk of cancer. Recent research shows that protein S, another vitamin K-dependent protein, can prevent the cytokine storm observed in COVID-19 cases. The reduced activation of protein S due to the pneumonia-induced vitamin K depletion was correlated with higher thrombogenicity and possibly fatal outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Our review aimed to present the latest scientific evidence about vitamin K and its role in preventing age-associated diseases and/or improving the effectiveness of medical treatments in mature adults ˃50 years old.

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Vitamin K2 Needs an RDI Separate from Vitamin K1

Cited by 54 publications

References 104 publications

Vitamin K2 Holds Promise for Alzheimer’s Prevention and Treatment

Vitamin K2 Holds Promise for Alzheimer’s Prevention and Treatment

Vitamin K metabolism as the potential missing link between lung damage and thromboembolism in Coronavirus disease 2019

The Role of Vitamin K in Humans: Implication in Aging and Age-Associated Diseases

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