Vitamins and Minerals in Pregnancy

Kazzi, George M.; Gross, Thomas L.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-2415-7_33

Cited by 2 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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Section: Concentrations During Pregnancymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plasma thiamine and riboflavin concentrations also decline during pregnancy (41). Evidence suggests that serum niacin concentrations decrease during pregnancy (41), whereas urinary excretion of niacin metabolites increases. Vitamin B-6 concentrations decline during pregnancy as a physiologic adjustment secondary to increased blood volume or as a result of increased requirements for active transport across the placenta (35).…”

Section: Concentrations During Pregnancymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Calcium deficiency is rare in pregnancy but appears in cases of hypoparathyroidism and severe dietary inadequacy and in individuals who are unable to eat a diet rich in dairy products (41,42). Low calcium and magnesium concentrations have been associated with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, although a causal effect has not been shown (10; MJ Keirse, unpublished observations, 2000).…”

Section: Deficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During pregnancy, serum vitamin C progressively decreases Ϸ50% (75), partly because of the extra uptake by the fetus (41) and partly because of hemodilution (85). Plasma thiamine and riboflavin concentrations also decline during pregnancy (41).…”

Section: Concentrations During Pregnancymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) or intakes of micronutrients for adolescent girls, nonpregnant and nonlactating adult women, and pregnant women in their third trimester taken from the National Research Council (NRC) (34), the Institute of Medicine (IOM) (34,35), and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) (37)(38)(39)(40)(41) are shown in Table 1. The percentage increase in dietary intakes for pregnant adults over nonreproducing women is also shown.…”

Section: Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nutrition in pregnancy: mineral and vitamin supplements

Ladipo

2000

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

211

129

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Pregnancy is associated with physiologic changes that result in increased plasma volume and red blood cells and decreased concentrations of circulating nutrient-binding proteins and micronutrients. In many developing countries, these physiologic changes can be aggravated by undernutrition, leading to micronutrient deficiency states, such as anemia, that can have disastrous consequences for both mothers and newborn infants. Multiple micronutrients are often taken by pregnant women in developed countries, but their benefits are limited, except for prophylactic folic acid taken during the periconceptional period. Women in developing countries may benefit from multiple-micronutrient prophylaxis in pregnancy, but the underlying basis and rationale for changing from supplementation with iron and folate to supplementation with multiple micronutrients has not been debated in the context of existing program objectives. There is an urgent need for this discussion so that both program effectiveness and program efficacy can be improved. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72(suppl):280S-90S. KEY WORDSNutrition, vitamins, trace elements, minerals, pregnancy, requirements INTRODUCTIONThe demand for both energy and nutrients is increased during pregnancy (1). For well-nourished women, only a small amount of additional energy is required because the body adapts to the increased energy requirements and becomes more energy efficient through reduced physical activity and a lowered metabolic rate. Although the average-sized, well-nourished woman requires Ϸ10 460 kJ/d (2000 kcal/d) during the last trimester of pregnancy (2), many women in developing countries restrict their food intake during pregnancy to have smaller infants, on the premise that smaller infants will carry a lower risk of delivery complications (3). Recent evidence suggests, however, that infants who are small or disproportionate at birth have increased health risks later in life (4-6). The hypothesis is that such infants have had to adapt to a limited supply of nutrients and that in so doing their physiology and metabolism are permanently changed, although the rationale for this hypothesis has been challenged (7).Requirements for many, but not all, micronutrients increase during pregnancy. Deficiencies can exist because of losses or malabsorption associated with disease or inadequate intakes, lack of knowledge about adequate prenatal nutrition, or dietary taboos associated with pregnancy (8), with potential adverse consequences for both mothers and newborn infants. Rush (9) notes that anemia in pregnancy and pregnancy-induced hypertension are common and thought to contribute significantly to maternal mortality and morbidity in developing countries. Maine (10), however, shows there is little evidence that nutrition plays a role in pregnancy-induced hypertension.This paper discusses minerals and trace elements as well as fat-and water-soluble vitamins in pregnancy-their concentrations, the requirements for them, the consequences of their deficiency, and the functional eff...

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Section: Concentrations During Pregnancymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Concentrations During Pregnancymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Deficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Concentrations During Pregnancymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nutrition in pregnancy: mineral and vitamin supplements

Ladipo

2000

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

211

129

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Fertility in the Prehistoric Midwest: A Critique of Unifactorial Models

Holland

1989

Am. antiq.

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Cultivation of starchy seeds must be recognized as a complex of variables upon which selection operates and of which population growth is the inherent measure of success. Early weaning through the use of starchy-seed gruels, though recently proposed as the principal factor in the increase of fertility, is insufficient as a prime mover for population growth in west-central Illinois during the Middle and Late Woodland periods.

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Vitamins and Minerals in Pregnancy

Cited by 2 publications

References 19 publications

Nutrition in pregnancy: mineral and vitamin supplements

Nutrition in pregnancy: mineral and vitamin supplements

Fertility in the Prehistoric Midwest: A Critique of Unifactorial Models

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