Vitreal macrophages express vascular endothelial growth factor in oxygen‐induced retinopathy

Abstract

Our results raise the possibility that vitreal macrophages play a role in the pathogenesis of OIR and by inference, ROP.

Combination of laser photocoagulation and intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin®) for aggressive zone I retinopathy of prematurity

“…An alternative interpretation could be a second source of VEGF165, such as vitreal macrophages as reported by Naug et al [15]. Thus, as suggested by other authors, we hypothesized that a combination therapy of conventional laser photocoagulation and intravitreal injection of monoclonal antibodies against VEGF, such as bevacizumab, might be more effective [4].…”

Role of Nonproteolytically Activated Prorenin in Pathologic, but Not Physiologic, Retinal Neovascularization

“…Intravitreally infiltrating macrophages adjacent to the pathologic new vessels express and produce VEGF in the animal model. 31 Neutralizing antibodies against monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1␣ were shown to reduce pathologic retinal neovascularization and inflammation. 32 Therefore, inflammatory monocytes are likely to disrupt the direction of physiologic neovascularization, triggering pathologic retinal neovascularization.…”

Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of JNK ameliorates hypoxia-induced retinopathy through interference with VEGF expression

“…Glia-derived cells such as astrocytes present in the ganglion cell layer, Muller cells embedded in the inner nuclear layer (14,15), and macrophages recruited into the retina were described as major sources of retinal VEGF in ROP (19,20). Although retinal pigmented epithelium residing at the outer boundary of the neural retina was suggested as another source of retinal VEGF, expression of VEGF mRNA by these cells was shown to be unaffected in this model (7,15).…”