VOC Emission Rates and Emission Factors for a Sheetfed Offset Printing Shop

Wadden, Richard A.; Scheff, Peter A.; Franke, John E.; Conroy, Lorraine M.; Javor, M.; Keil, Chris; Milz, Sheryl

doi:10.1080/15428119591016999

Cited by 23 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…The particularly high concentration of toluene at SI3 and SS5 (table 2) were most likely due to the offset printing operations. The concentrations of toluene measured in an offset printing shop investigation reported by Wadden et al [20] ranged from 876 to 7,653 ppb (3.29-28.70 mgWm -3 ), consistent with levels measured in this study. High levels of VOCs in the printing room were undoubtedly due to the offset printing operation in the absence of ventilation.…”

Section: Volatile Organic Compoundssupporting

confidence: 75%

Exposure to High Levels of Volatile Organic Compounds and Other Pollutants in a Printing Facility in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Gioda

Neto

2002

Indoor and Built Environment

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Industrial environments often contain potential sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Many such compounds are extremely toxic and can be harmful to health. In April 2000, a chemical evaluation was carried out in a printing facility in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, during which a high concentration of total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) was detected. Therefore, measures were adopted to improve the air quality such as the increase in the air exchange rate and installation of exhaust fans. In March 2001, a new evaluation was done. Some 249 VOCs were identified and quantified in both campaigns. Most of them were found only in the indoor air. After the control programme, the values for TVOCs were reduced by 40–80%; however, they were still high and exceeded international and national limits. The majority of other parameters measured at the same time remained below the tolerance limits. Therefore, another round of remediative measures was initiated and follow-up monitoring will be undertaken, illustrating that indoor air quality remediation is a stepwise continuing process.

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Section: Volatile Organic Compoundssupporting

confidence: 75%

Exposure to High Levels of Volatile Organic Compounds and Other Pollutants in a Printing Facility in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Gioda

Neto

2002

Indoor and Built Environment

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“…The method was demonstrated to be capable of sampling compounds with concentrations spanning nearly five orders of magnitude. In the USA, aromatic hydrocarbons are often used as cleaning solvents in offset printing [2]. This was also the case in the plant studied in Michigan, USA [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…The arithmetic mean of combined expo- [8]. In the United States, Wadden et al [2] measured total VOC concentrations from 50 to 110 mg/m 3 in a sheet-fed offset printing plant. The combined solvent exposure ranged from 4 to 43% of OEL value.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the use of Low Flow Passive Sampling Technique in Offset Printing Plants

Hautamäki

Kalliokoski

Hyttinen

et al. 2006

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability and applicability of low-flow passive tubes for sampling of organic solvents in occupational environment. Materials and Methods: Laboratory and field studies were conducted to continue the evaluation of low-flow diffusive sampling combined with thermal desorption and gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric analysis in occupational hygiene surveys. Passive sampler tubes with Tenax GR adsorbent were employed to assess exposures to organic solvents in 10 small sheet-fed offset printing plants in Finland. The retention of the solvent compounds in the samplers was investigated using laboratory chamber studies. Active sampling with activated carbon tubes served as the control method. Results: The laboratory tests showed that passive tubes had good retention, stability and reproducibility for the solvent compounds. Parallel passive and active sampling in both breathing zone and area monitoring in the printing plants yielded similar measurements though passive sampling tended to give slightly higher concentrations (by 5 to 12%). The suitability of passive sampling to be done by workers was also confirmed. The study also shows that exposure to organic solvents can be effectively reduced by the use of vegetable oil-based cleaning fluids. Especially, since ventilation and other protective measures are often inadequate in small facilities, the use of toxic cleaning solutions should be avoided. Conclusions: Passive sampling tubes with capillary orifice analyzed with thermal desorption GC-MS are well suited for measuring occupational solvent exposure. Method is well suited for sampling done by workers.

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“…Typical air exchange rates in industrial facilities lie between 4 and 15 times per hour (Hayes, 1991;Recknagel et al, 2000). Wadden et al report an air exchange of 6 h -1 for metal degreasing with TRIC (Wadden et al, 1989) and 5.1 h -1 in an offset printing shop without local exhaust (Wadden et al, 1995). Workplaces for metal degreasing are equipped with local exhaust devices.…”

Section: Emission Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction of occupational exposure to perchloroethylene and trichloroethylene in metal degreasing over the last 30 years: influences of technology innovation and legislation

Grote

Hürlimann

Scheringer

et al. 2003

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Occupational exposure to trichloroethylene (TRIC) and perchloroethylene (PERC) in metal degreasing is analyzed by calculating airborne concentrations for a large set of possible exposure scenarios (Scenario-Based Risk Assessment, SceBRA). Different types of degreasing machines ranging from open-top machines used until the 1980s to closed-loop nonvented machines used since the 1990s are investigated; the scope of the study is Germany. Concentrations are calculated for different kinds of releases (emissions from open baths, leakage, release of contaminated air during loading and unloading) with a dynamic two-box model for the near-field and the far-field. The concentration estimates are in good agreement with measured data. The airborne concentrations are compared to maximum workplace concentrations (MAK values). The full set of scenarios shows for which situations MAK values were exceeded and how the transition to newer degreasing machines reduced the occupational exposure by more than one order of magnitude. In addition, numbers of exposed workers are estimated for different years. While more than 25,000 workers in the near-field were exposed to TRIC and PERC in 1985, the number is below 3000 since 1996, which is mainly due to technology changes, rationalization, automatization, and replacement of TRIC and PERC by nonchlorinated solvents.

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VOC Emission Rates and Emission Factors for a Sheetfed Offset Printing Shop

Cited by 23 publications

References 0 publications

Exposure to High Levels of Volatile Organic Compounds and Other Pollutants in a Printing Facility in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Exposure to High Levels of Volatile Organic Compounds and Other Pollutants in a Printing Facility in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Evaluation of the use of Low Flow Passive Sampling Technique in Offset Printing Plants

Reduction of occupational exposure to perchloroethylene and trichloroethylene in metal degreasing over the last 30 years: influences of technology innovation and legislation

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