Void Avoidance Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract

Much attention has been focused lately on the Opportunistic Routing technique (OR) that can overcome the restrictions of the harsh underwater environment and the unique structures of the Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSNs). OR enhances the performance of the UWSNs in both packet delivery ratio and energy saving. In our work; we propose a new routing protocol; called Energy Efficient Depth-based Opportunistic Routing with Void Avoidance for UWSNs (EEDOR-VA), to address the void area problem. EEDOR-VA is a reactive OR protocol that uses a hop count discovery procedure to update the hop count of the intermediate nodes between the source and the destination to form forwarding sets. EEDOR-VA forwarding sets can be selected with less or greater depth than the packet holder (i.e., source or intermediate node). It efficiently prevents all void/trapped nodes from being part of the forwarding sets and data transmission procedure; thereby saving network resources and delivering data packets at the lowest possible cost. The results of our extensive simulation study indicate that the EEDOR-VA protocol outperforms other protocols in terms of packet delivery ratio and energy consumption

Low Energy Consumption Routing Protocol for Oil and Gas Pipeline Internet of Things

“…In addition, the researchers also proposed the opportunistic routing protocol based on the iterative method, such as: LCOR [33], OAPF [34], and BitSOR [35] etc. The forwarding process is divided into two stages in these protocols: one is the transmission process of the current node forwarding to the candidate forwarding node, and the other is the transmission process of the candidate forwarding node forwarding to the target node [36][37][38]. These protocols use the iterative algorithm to calculate the weighted end-to-end transmission cost of each path in the network in order to select more reasonably candidate nodes set.…”

TANVEER: Tri-Angular Nearest Vector-Based Energy Efficient Routing for IoT-Enabled Acoustic Sensor and Actor Networks (I-ASANs)

“…An optimal way to select the empty regions is based upon the number of resources used in the acoustic environment. The energy is one of the most fundamental resources where nodes are enabled to join the network and process the data communication towards the sonobuoys [ 47 , 48 , 49 ]. The section of empty regions ‘ Ser ’ is directly based upon the node’s energy ‘ En ’, where ‘ i ’ is the total number of empty regions selected (i varies from 0 to N ; where ‘ N ’ is the total number of nodes inside the empty regions) every node, before forwarding the data packets computes angle three times for three directions like (horizontal ‘x’, vertical ‘y’, and diagonal ‘z’).…”

“…As the path becomes longer by selecting the number of nodes towards the sonobuoys, then the nearest vector path is selected. It is because; by computing the angle thrice only those nodes are selected that cover the angled cone and have the next link with forwarder nodes Moreover, a detailed survey of underwater ad hoc networks is presented in [ 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 ] where various methods of underwater communication are discussed. For every nearest vector it selects according to the availability of the node ‘ Nv ’, and angle coordinates ‘ A ( x, y, z )’, in such a way that ‘ Nv ∈ A ( x, y, z )’ but not empty regions ‘ Nv ∄ Er ’ towards the ‘ Sn ’, Equation (4) becomes: …”

RACE-SM: Reliability and adaptive cooperation for efficient UWSNs using sink mobility

“…The cooperative routing technique is the most reliable way to achieve network reliability. Cooperative routing routes data through a multihop system to ensure network reliability (Shah et al, 2018;Yahya et al, 2019;Mhemed et al, 2021;Zeb et al, 2022). The cooperative strategy also helps decrease the channel effects and provides reliable data transmission to the sink node.…”