Void Content Minimization in Vacuum Infusion (VI) via Effective Degassing

Juan, Jaime; Silva, Arlindo; Tornero, José Antonio; Gámez, José A.; Salán, Núria

doi:10.3390/polym13172876

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…On the basis on the conducted investigations it was found that the best performance characteristics (the lowest weight and thickness -especially important in aircraft structures) are found in the material produced at the highest negative pressure value (1,0 bar). The best aesthetic properties (surface quality) are obtained with a laminate produced at an intermediate negative pressure value (0.7 bar) -visual inspection [18,21]. All the mechanical properties of the composite produced at the highest negative pressure value are clearly the best among the materials tested.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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The Influence of Pressure in the Infusion Method Upon Mechanical Properties of Polymer Composites

Janiszewski,

Komorek,

Bakuła

et al. 2023

Adv. Sci. Technol. Res. J.

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In the modern aerospace industry, a steady increase in the share of composite materials is recorded every single year. Polymer layer composites seem to be the ones that are used most commonly in aviation. There are multiple methods of producing this type of materials, of which the most commonly used methods are as follows: the infusion method, the negative pressure bag method and the hydraulic press method. The infusion process makes it possible to obtain composites with the best mechanical properties. In the infusion process, the mould is pre-prepared (together with the reinforcement made of the material from which the composite is made, e.g. carbon fibre), which is tightly closed in a negative pressure bag, and the equipment supplying the previously mixed resin with hardener is connected to the injection points. The negative pressure generated by the negative pressure pump in the mould prepared in this way (negative pressure bag) makes the previously prepared resin seep through the reinforcement material. Various negative pressure levels can be used. This work describes the effect of the applied negative pressure level on the obtained mechanical properties of a composite reinforced with carbon fibres. It appears that the best visual properties of the composite material are obtained with the use of indirect (optimal) negative pressure but the best strength properties with the use of maximal negative pressure.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The matrix of the examined composites was epoxy mixture resin L285 with H287 hardener [20], mixed in a ratio of 100: 40. The prepared composite material was vented using a negative pressure pump to remove unwanted air bubbles [18]. The composites were assembled and fabricated on a glass plate (Fig.…”

Section: Preparation Of Test Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Pressure in the Infusion Method Upon Mechanical Properties of Polymer Composites

Janiszewski,

Komorek,

Bakuła

et al. 2023

Adv. Sci. Technol. Res. J.

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“…The very first result obtained from this thesis was a Spanish patent containing ISFLIP processing sequence and the main tooling systems [1]. Besides, a version of Chapter 4 has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Composite Materials [2], and a version of Chapter 5 has been also submitted for publication in the Journal of Composite Materials [3].…”

Section: Prefacementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Designs were kept as simple as possible while satisfying the required level of scientific soundness. Effects on specimen quality attributes of different filling and post-filling pressure conditions, and preform assemblies were addressed through two simple two-level factorial designs, 2 2 . A total of four design factors were analysed (Table 5.1): pressure increment (P), gradient of pressure (G), preform assembly (A) and inlet condition (I).…”

Section: Factorial Designsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of the in situ forming of a liquid infused preform (ISFLIP) process : a new manufacturing technique for high performance fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) components

Juan Muñoz

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A problem is not a problem anymore if no solution exists; therefore, in the present dissertation, a novel manufacturing technique, the In Situ Forming of a Liquid Infused Preform (ISFLIP), is proposed as a solution to some typical problems that manufacturing of Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) parts through Vacuum Infusion (VI) involves, such as not taking advantage of the full potential of FRPs, long processing times and lack of reproducibility. ISFLIP is a hybrid process between VI and diaphragm forming in which a flat preform of a stack of reinforcement fabrics is firstly impregnated with a low viscosity matrix and, then, formed over a mould while the matrix is still in the low viscosity state. Being focused on high performance FRPs and shell components, from simple to complex double curvature shapes, a number of trade-offs between VI and diaphragm forming were overcome to lay the foundations from which ISFLIP ability to manufacture FRP components has been proven. In order to adopt a VI manufacturing methodology that fitted ISFLIP targets, important contributions to more general VI have also been made in terms of part quality optimization, addressing the major concern that void content is in VI, with competitive manufacturing times. An effective vacuum degassing procedure in which bubble formation is enhanced through high speed stirring, and a non-conventional filling and post-filling strategy are proposed for this purpose. Eventually, void content was virtually eliminated and post-filling time minimized without affecting fibre content. In ISFLIP, textile preforms are formed together with a series of auxiliary materials (plastic films and sheets, textile fabrics and knitted meshes), most of them showing different in-plane deformation mechanisms. Forming performance of preforms, as well as final part quality, are severely affected by interactions between all these materials different in nature. Uncertainties on this respect and an initial evaluation of attainable shapes were also addressed to define a more focused research plan to the final goal, still distant, of implementing ISFLIP in a real production environment. Results obtained throughout the research project give cause for reasonable optimism in ISFLIP potential and future prospects. Un problema deja de ser un problema si no existe solución; por lo tanto, en esta disertación, una novedosa técnica de fabricación, el Conformado In Situ de una Preforma Infusionada con resina Líquida (ISFLIP, por sus siglas en inglés), se propone como solución a algunos problemas típicos relacionados con la fabricación de piezas de Polímero Reforzado con Fibra (FRP) a través de la Infusión por Vacío (VI), problemas tales como el desaprovechamiento de todo el potencial de los FRPs, largos tiempos de procesado y falta de reproducibilidad. ISFLIP es un proceso híbrido entre la VI y el conformado por membrana elástica en el que una preforma plana formada a partir de un apilado de tejidos de refuerzo es en primera instancia impregnada con una resina de baja viscosidad y, entonces, conformada sobre un molde mientras que la matriz permanece todavía en el estado de baja viscosidad. Estando centrado en los FRPs de altas prestaciones y en componentes con formas tipo concha, desde curvaturas simples hasta formas con doble curvatura complejas, un número importante de compensaciones entre la VI y el conformado por membrana se han ido superando para asentar las bases a partir de las cuales se ha probado la capacidad de ISFLIP para fabricas componentes de FRP. Con la vista puesta en implementar una metodología de fabricación por VI que cumpliese los objetivos definidos para ISFLIP, también se han realizado importantes contribuciones de carácter más general relacionadas con la VI en términos de optimización de parámetros de calidad de las piezas, abordando la gran preocupación que la porosidad final supone en la VI, y consiguiendo unos tiempos de fabricación competitivos. Con este propósito se han propuesto un proceso de desgasificación por vacío muy efectivo en el que se favorece la nucleación de burbujas mediante la agitación a alta velocidad, y una prometedora y no convencional estrategia de llenado y post-llenado de la preforma. Finalmente, se consiguió virtualmente eliminar la porosidad atrapada en las piezas, minimizando el tiempo de post-llenado sin afectar la fracción de fibra contenida. En ISFLIP las preformas textiles se conforman junto con una serie de materiales auxiliares (films y hojas plásticas, mallas y tejidos textiles), que muestran diferentes mecanismos de deformación en plano. El conformado de las preformas y el acabado final de las piezas se ve severamente afectado por todas las interacciones entre todos estos materiales diferentes en naturaleza. También se han abordado las incertidumbres que surgen al respecto y una evaluación inicial de las geometrías abarcables para definir un plan de investigación más concreto con el que poder afrontar la meta final, todavía distante, de implementar ISFLIP en un entorno productivo real. Los resultados obtenidos a lo largo de este proyecto de investigación permiten ser razonablemente optimistas en cuanto al potencial de ISFLIP y sus expectativas.

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Advanced properties and failure characteristics of hybrid GFRP-matrix thin laminates modified by micro glass powder filler for hard structure applications

Aryaswara,

Kusni,

Wijanarko

et al. 2023

Journal of Engineering Research

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Void Content Minimization in Vacuum Infusion (VI) via Effective Degassing

Cited by 5 publications

References 37 publications

The Influence of Pressure in the Infusion Method Upon Mechanical Properties of Polymer Composites

The Influence of Pressure in the Infusion Method Upon Mechanical Properties of Polymer Composites

Development of the in situ forming of a liquid infused preform (ISFLIP) process : a new manufacturing technique for high performance fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) components

Advanced properties and failure characteristics of hybrid GFRP-matrix thin laminates modified by micro glass powder filler for hard structure applications

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