Common juniper (Juniperus communis L.) is an important conifer from the ecological and economical point of view. In some areas of the distribution range, it is a widely studied species. Up till now insufficient attention has been paid to junipers growing in the Baltic countries where it is one of three natural conifers and important forest tree species. Recently, molecular markers-based diversity of Lithuanian populations of J. communis was determined, although related biological and ecological variables remain undisclosed. The present study is aimed at the evaluation of biotic and abiotic environment of J. communis according to plant species composition. Fourteen sites with J. communis were selected in the territory of Lithuania. At each site undergrowth trees and shrubs, herbaceous species, dwarf shrubs, and mosses were recorded and the abundance of each species was evaluated. Abiotic environment characteristics were obtained using Ellenberg's indicator values (EIV) of the plant species neighbouring junipers. In the sites with J. communis, 80 species of herbs and dwarf shrubs belonging to 18 families were registered. The largest variety of herbaceous species and dwarf shrubs (18-22 per site) was registered for sites representing xero-thermophile fringes. Species coverage data recorded in the sites in most cases allowed to group sites according to their habitats. Despite rather small territory of the present survey (latitude (N) 56°07'-54°11' , longitude (E) 21°06'-26°30'), the ranges of indexes for environment factors of juniper sites were rather wide: 6.0-7.3 for light, 3.0-5.8 for temperature, 3.7-5.3 for continentality, 4.2-7.8 for soil moisture, 2.7-7.4 for soil reaction, and 2.7-4.4 for soil nitrogen. Among the sites selected by us, the most contrasting in terms of EIV were locations representing coastal brown dunes covered with natural Scots pine forests and xero-thermophile fringes.
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INTRODUCTIONJuniperus species are substantial elements of present-day forests (Garcia et al., 2000;Adams, 2011) and some of them are on the border of extinction (Lima et al., 2010;Rumeu et al., 2011;Silva et al., 2011). This historically old genera is important for providing information about evolution of plants in Late Glacial period (Koller et al., 2005;Li et al., 2011, Veski et al., 2012. Juniperus contains economically valuable species used for medicinal purposes (Muto et al., 2008;Kusari et al., 2009), perfume industry (Lawrence, 1984, flavoring of food and alcoholic beverages (Maarse, 1991;Vichi et al., 2007). These circumstances point out the need of comprehensive knowledge about Juniperus species.Juniperus communis is widely distributed over the Northern hemisphere, growing in Europe and three other continents. Junipers have been examined by molecular and biochemical markers in various regions of their natural occurrence (Canary Islands, Greece, Germany, UK, Russia, Japan, China, Kazakhstan, Nepal, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Cuba, Mexico, Utah, Texas, etc. (Adams et al., 2003;Adams, 2011). Examination of variabl...