Volatile Constituents throughout Brassica oleracea L. Var. acephala Germination

Abstract

Brassicaceae family are commonly grown and consumed worldwide. Belonging to this group, kale (Brassica oleraceIJe var. acephala) is important in traditional farming systems in the Iberian Peninsula. While its seeds have been used for human consumption as oil, or mixed with some food products, sprouts, the germination form, are favoured for their nutritional value [1].In this work, the volatile composition of kale and its variation along germination was monitored during the first nine days of seedling development, by GCIMS. Qualitative and quantitative differences were found between the materials in the distinct analyzed periods. A total of 70 volatile compounds, distributed by several chemical classes were characterized: alcohols, carbonyl compounds (ketones, aldehydes and esters), norisoprenoids derivatives, terpenes, among others, being sulfur compounds (Fig. 1) the most abundant group in seeds and sprouts. Sprouts with nine days of germination were the richest material in volatile compounds. Comparatively, adult kale leaves was the material with higher content of alcohols and carbonyl compounds and showed lower variety and quantity of sulfur compounds, suggesting that these last can be important for the development of kale while the others are produced mainly during its growth.

Exogenously induced expression of ethylene biosynthesis, ethylene perception, phospholipase D, and Rboh-oxidase genes in broccoli seedlings

“…5) allowed a distinction to be made between ACS5 , ACO1 , and RbohD whose expression was essentially affected by isobutanol action, and the remaining genes whose expression did not alter significantly. It has been reported that volatile isobutyl derivatives are abundantly synthesized in broccoli seedlings when only a few days old (Fernandes et al , 2009); thus the possibility of reciprocal relationships between metabolism of isobutyl derivates and ethylene biosynthesis was suggested.(xi) Considering the nature of the inducers such as H 2 O 2 (generated by plants during their response to pathogen attack) and CHX (found as an antifungal antibiotic of some soil-borne Streptomyces species), it could be reasonably expected that both of them can affect the PA PLC/DGK signalling route. PLC and PLD are affected in opposite ways by copper ions.…”

“…5) allowed a distinction to be made between ACS5 , ACO1 , and RbohD whose expression was essentially affected by isobutanol action, and the remaining genes whose expression did not alter significantly. It has been reported that volatile isobutyl derivatives are abundantly synthesized in broccoli seedlings when only a few days old (Fernandes et al , 2009); thus the possibility of reciprocal relationships between metabolism of isobutyl derivates and ethylene biosynthesis was suggested.…”

Host Plant Species Differentiation in a Polyphagous Moth: Olfaction is Enough

“…We find that cabbage is the only plant whose GC-EAD active odor profile comprises a species-specific volatile. This volatile, α-isophorone, is biosynthesised via the degradation of carotenoids (Fernandes et al 2009), which does not indicate any obvious link with glucosinolates and isothiocyanates, the toxins specific to Brassicaceae. However, another carotenoid degradation product (β-ionone), part of canola's induced response to herbivores, has been found to repel generalist herbivores as well as Brassicaceae specialists (Cáceres et al 2016).…”

“…They are among the most commonly reported volatiles from green plant odors, with the exception of the cabbage-specific α-isophorone. We only found two mentions of α-isophorone in the plant volatile literature, both from varieties of Brassica oleracea (Fernandes et al 2009;Weldegergis et al 2015).…”

Physiological performance and competitive ability in kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala ‘Manteiga da Georgia’) intercropped with important aromatic species and herbs

“…Among these varieties, kale (B. oleracea L. var. acephala DC) is the most widespread in Brazil, with a significant share in domestic vegetable production (Fernandes et al, 2009;Resende et al, 2010). Kale is a sturdy crop that adapts well to different environmental conditions (Vilar et al, 2008).…”