Volatile organic compounds released from Microcystis flos-aquae under nitrogen sources and their toxic effects on Chlorella vulgaris

Volatile organic compound emissions from Microcystis aeruginosa under different phosphorus sources and concentrations

“…Similarly, seven kinds of VOCs were found from M. aeruginosa under different P sources, including sulfocompounds, terpenoids, benzenes, hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, and esters. Several VOCs such as β‐cyclocitral, hydrocarbons, terpenoids and disulfides found in this study (Tables ) were consistent with volatile components previously reported for Microcystis species (Jüttner , ; Walsh et al ; Huang et al , Xu et al ). Compared to M. flos‐aquae (Xu et al ), the emission amount of β‐cyclocitral, limonene, eucalyptol, and disulfides from M. aeruginosa was lower, while the emission amount of longifolene was higher (Table ).…”

“…Acetic acid, NaCl and Na 2 CO 3 stresses promote their VOC emission, and those VOCs can transfer stress information to other normal cells (Zuo et al , b). Xu et al () found that M. flos‐aquae mainly released furans, sulfocompounds, terpenoids, benzenes, hydrocarbons, aldehydes, and esters, and different N sources induced different VOC components and emission amount. Walsh et al () reported that the main compounds in M. aeruginosa VOCs included aliphatic hydrocarbons (C15‐C21), naphthalene, terpenoids, β‐cyclocitral, and β‐ionone.…”

“…Algae release a wide spectrum of VOCs, including furans, sulfocompounds, alkanes, alkenes, terpenoids, benzenes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and esters (Walsh et al ; Zuo et al ,b, ; Xu et al ). Among these VOCs, geosmin and 2‐methylisoborneol are the two main compounds causing unpleasant, earthy‐musty odor in waters (Huang et al ; Fujise et al ; Watson et al ), which are released by some cyanobacteria species such as Anabaena , Aphanizomenon , Lyngbya , Oscillatoria and Symploca for geosmin (Gerber & Lechevalier ; Medsker et al ; Tabachek & Yurkowski ; Matsumoto & Tsuchiya ; Negoro et al ; Van der Ploeg & Tucker ); and Oscillatoria sp., Phormidium sp., Pseudanabaena sp.…”

“…The emission of algal VOCs is affected by environmental factors, such as light, temperature, nutritional conditions, and stresses of acid, alkali and salt (Abrahamsson et al ; Shaw et al ; Bonsang et al ; Hasegawa et al ; Zuo et al ,b; Meskhidze et al ; Watson et al ; Xu et al ). M. aeruginosa cells increase the emission of alcohols and β‐cyclocitral, after they are kept for 35 days and exhaust the nitrate nutrient (Hasegawa et al ).…”

“…In a previous study, we found that M. flos‐aquae released different amounts and components of VOCs with different N sources such as NaNO 3 , NaNO 2 , NH 4 Cl, urea, serine, lysine, and arginine. In addition, VOC emission increased with decreasing N concentration, with the maximum emission under non‐N condition (Xu et al ). Dzialowski et al () reported that geosmin amount in reservoirs is negatively related with the dissolved inorganic P concentration (PO 4 ‐P).…”