Volatile substances with special reference to volatile substance abuse

Flanagan, Robert J.; Meredith, T. J.

doi:10.1016/b978-044481557-6/50025-3

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 195 publications

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“…Aromatic hydrocarbon levels are high particularly in specific environments such as roadsides along busy streets, parking garages and gasoline stations. Gasoline workers are directly exposed to various gasoline products via many routes: ingestion and dermal absorption, but the most likely route is by inhalation [2]. In Bangkok metropolitan area, since 2001 after the banned of leaded-fuel, the number of gasoline station with the service of gasohol has been rapidly increased [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cancer risk analysis of benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde on gasoline station workers

Tunsaringkarn¹,

Prueksasit²,

Kitwattanavong³

et al. 2012

J Environ Eng Ecol Sci

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Background: Benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde are carcinogenic substances to which gasoline station workers are most likely exposed via inhalation. To evaluate these compounds in the ambient air of gasoline stations, the inhalation exposure test on workers was performed and assessed. By the appropriate intervention of wearing mask and hand washing during work shift, we determined whether or not there is cancer risk to the exposure of benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde using urinary biomarkers. Methods:A cross sectional study was conducted in 38 workers of 6 gasoline stations in Pathumwan District, Bangkok, Thailand. Inhalation and ambient air concentrations of benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were evaluated by GC/FID and HPLC/UV detectors. Urinary trans, trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA), formaldehyde and acetaldehyde concentrations detected in gasoline workers before and after appropriate intervention were analyzed by GC/FID. Results:The average inhalation exposure concentrations of benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were 195.56, 12.60 and 5.74 µg/m3, respectively. The level of benzene exposure was significantly higher than the ambient air level (independent t-test, p < 0.01). The average lifetime cancer risk of the workers exposed to benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde was determined at the values of 2.15E-04, 1.27E-05 and 2.69E-06, respectively. Benzene and formaldehyde values were higher than an acceptable criteria defined as 1E-06. The amount of urinary t,t-MA, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in the workers daily after 7-days appropriate intervention (wearing masks as personal protective equipment (PPE) and hand washing) was decreased. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, which were detected in urine, showed significantly lower than before intervention (pair t-test, p < 0.001). Conclusions:Results from our study confirmed that the gasoline workers have high chances of cancer risk from daily exposure to benzene and formaldehyde. The urinary's t,t-MA, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde could be considerably used as biomarkers in gasoline station workers. An appropriate intervention, using PPE and hand washing, could reduce the cancer risk.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cancer risk analysis of benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde on gasoline station workers

Tunsaringkarn¹,

Prueksasit²,

Kitwattanavong³

et al. 2012

J Environ Eng Ecol Sci

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“…As inhalation continues, seizures, tinnitus, diffuse somatic pain, tremor, and death can occur (Flanagan & Ives 1994). Several reports also link chronic "huffing" to permanent liver, kidney, heart and cranial nerve damage, cerebral, cerebellar, and brainstem atrophy, neuropathies, dependence, and psychosis (for a review see Arlien-S~rborg 1992).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An epidemiological study showed that in 1995, 23% of the adolescents in the United States were experimenting with inhalants (Mathias 1996). Notably, upwards of 38% of users may die during their first inhalant experience (Flanagan & Ives 1994). Although inhalant use may also lead to the abuse of other substances, a significant percentage of users prefer and continue to abuse inhalants to the point of irreversible neurotoxic consequences (Delva et ul.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

An Electrophysiological Analysis of Rat Ventral Tegmental Dopamine Neuronal Activity During Acute Toluene Exposure

Riegel

French

1999

Pharmacology & Toxicology

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Inhalant abuse is a common, potentially lethal, form of drug abuse. Although the putative psychotropic component of some popularly abused inhalants appears often to be the organic solvent toluene, its effects on midbrain neurones which comprise reward pathways have not been established. Therefore, the present study was designed to assess the response of ventral tegmental dopamine neurones during toluene inhalation. Electrophysiological determinations were made using extracellular single-unit recordings in ketamine anaesthetized rats that were exposed to acute (1-15.3 rnin.) concentrations of toluene vapor (1 1,500 ppm) similar to those consumed by inhalant abusers. Toluene exposure through a tracheal breathing tube elicited two distinctly different patterns of response in dopamine neurons. One pattern consisted of an initial stimulation of neuronal firing (+221%,t72%; <8.5 min.) followed by an attenuation of the firing rate with continued exposure (+58.7%?6.3'%; >8.5 min.). The other pattern consisted of only an inhibition of firing regardless of the length of exposure. Furthermore, the changes in firing rates were paralleled by changes in number of action potentials contained in bursts. Blood samples taken at the time of the dopamine recordings revealed comparable toluene concentrations (4-79 pg/ml, n=24) regardless of the patterns of response. These results suggest that mesolimbic dopamine neurotransmission can be changed by an exposure paradigm comparable to that used by human abusers, and that these changes may be integral to the reinforcing effects underlying inhalant abuse.

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“…In contrast, most (62%) of UK VSA-related sudden deaths have occurred in young people aged under 20 years, although there has been a trend towards an older age at death in the last few years (Field-Smith et al, 2008). Again, it seems likely that reports of these crimes reflect long-term use of solvents such as toluene, which seem less likely to kill the abuser via direct toxic effects than LPG inhalation, but are nevertheless associated with long-term toxicity on the one hand (Flanagan and Meredith, 1996), and with a propensity to criminal or antisocial activity on the other.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volatile substance abuse and crime: Data from UK press cuttings 1996-2007

Flanagan¹,

Fisher²

2008

Med Sci Law

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Volatile substance abuse (VSA, solvent abuse, 'glue sniffing'), carries a risk of sudden death (some 700 deaths in the UK, 1996-2006). However, mortality data take no account of the social cost of the habit. From press cuttings we have identified 508 instances (569 individuals: 507 male, median age 25 yr, range 8-51 yr and 62 female, median age 18 yr, range 11-36 yr) where VSA, either alone or together with alcohol/other drugs, was reported in association with criminal or antisocial behaviour that resulted in a criminal conviction or caution. The frequency of reports decreased from 84 per annum (1997 and 1998) to 20 (2007). The agents reported (17 individuals, two agents) were 'glue' (225), LPG/'butane'/aerosol propellants (176), 'solvents' (158), and petrol (gasoline) (27). The offences cited (most serious crime) were: homicide (35), rape or other sexual assault (34), arson (25), assault or serious threat of assault (192), child neglect/cruelty (6), attempting to pervert the course of justice (2), criminal damage (41), burglarylrobbery/theft/shoplifting (100), nuisance/ breach of the peace/breach of antisocial behaviour order (104), driving whilst impaired and other vehicle-related offence (22), and supply (non-retail) (8). Thirty offenders were given life sentences or detained indefinitely under mental health legislation. Reports came from all parts of the UK, although most were from Northern England, Northern Ireland, and Scotland. There were many reports of recidivists; one 34-year-old male had made 113 court appearances, and had spent approximately nine years in custody. Although there are severe limitations to data derived from press cuttings and notwithstanding that in some cases VSA may have been raised in mitigation, these data provide an additional insight into the problem posed by VSA in the U.K.

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Volatile substances with special reference to volatile substance abuse

Cited by 7 publications

References 195 publications

Cancer risk analysis of benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde on gasoline station workers

Cancer risk analysis of benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde on gasoline station workers

An Electrophysiological Analysis of Rat Ventral Tegmental Dopamine Neuronal Activity During Acute Toluene Exposure

Volatile substance abuse and crime: Data from UK press cuttings 1996-2007

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