Volatiles and energy released by Puracé volcano

Maldonado, Luisa Fernanda Meza; Inguaggiato, Salvatore; Jaramillo, Marco Tulio; Valencia, Gustavo Garzón; Mazot, A.

doi:10.1007/s00445-017-1168-y

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Many other studies, carried out in different volcanic areas, already highlighted that the diffuse degassing of CO 2 and the associated thermal output cannot be considered a negligible component in the energy and mass balance of solfataric activity [1,[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Extensive Parameters as a Tool to Monitoring the Volcanic Activity: The Case Study of Vulcano Island (Italy)

et al. 2022

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On Vulcano Island (Italy), many geochemical crises have occurred during the last 130 years of solfataric activity. The main crises occurred in 1978–1980, 1988–1991, 1996, 2004–2007, 2009–2010 and the ongoing 2021 anomalous degassing activity. These crises have been characterized by early signals of resuming degassing activity, measurable by the increase of volatiles and energy output emitted from the summit areas of the active cone, and particularly by increases of gas/water ratios in the fumarolic area at the summit. In any case, a direct rather than linear correspondence has been observed among the observed increase in the fluid output, seismic release and ground deformation, and is still a subject of study. We present here the results obtained by the long-term monitoring (over 13 years of observations) of three extensive parameters: the SO2 flux monitored in the volcanic plume, the soil CO2 flux and the local heat flux, monitored in the mild thermal anomaly located to the east of the high-temperature fumarole. The time variations of these parameters showed cyclicity in the volcanic degassing and a general increase in the trend in the last period. In particular, we focused on the changes in the mass and energy output registered in the period of June–December 2021, to offer in near-real-time the first evaluation of the level and duration of the actual exhalative crisis affecting Vulcano Island. In this last event, a clear change in degassing style was recorded for the volatiles emitted by the magma. For example, the flux of diffused CO2 from the soils reached the maximum never-before-recorded value of 34,000 g m−2 d−1 and the flux of SO2 of the plume emitted by the fumarolic field on the summit crater area reached values higher than 200 t d−1. The interpretation of the behavior of this volcanic system, resulting from the detailed analyses of these continuous monitoring data, will complete the framework of observations and help in defining and possibly forecasting the next evolution of the actual exhaling crisis.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Extensive Parameters as a Tool to Monitoring the Volcanic Activity: The Case Study of Vulcano Island (Italy)

et al. 2022

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“…This type of studies can be useful to contribute to forecast the next evolution of the studied systems.One effective approach to investigate the dynamics of volcanoes is monitoring the extensive degassing visible in form of hydrothermal plumes or partially dissolved in ground-water and diffused by the ground 1 . The geochemical monitoring of fluid released is a tool for quantifying the volume of degassing magma, during both active and quiescent phases of volcanic activity [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] . The main compounds of extensive degassing are water vapour, carbon dioxide and sulphur species (SO 2 and H 2 S).…”

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confidence: 99%

The volcanic activity changes occurred in the 2021–2022 at Vulcano island (Italy), inferred by the abrupt variations of soil CO2 output

Inguaggiato

Vita

Diliberto

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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The active cone of La Fossa is a close conduit volcano characterized by solphataric activity, manifested by discharging fluids through fumaroles and soil degassing. Since 1978 several degassing crises have been observed and interpreted as early signals of volcanic unrests. Recently, from June 2021 to May 2022, we measured the changes in soils CO2 release to evaluating the level and duration of the actual exhaling crises. The CO2 output has been evaluated by surveys carried out in anomalously degassing areas, located both in the La Fossa cone summit area and in other peripheral zones, coupled to near-real time monitoring data acquired by three automated stations. The strong and deep input of volatiles released from an underlying magma batch modified the chemical composition of the shallow plumbing system, bringing the system to a higher level of CO2 total pressure. This work highlights that a geochemical networks of stations, located at some distance from the fumaroles release and/or from eruptive conduits, is useful and can be applied to characterizing and monitoring any other active volcanic system. This type of studies can be useful to contribute to forecast the next evolution of the studied systems.

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“…The TV flux from summit subaerial discharges (fumarola lateral) is thus estimated at 7 kg/s (or 600 t/day TV flux), to which both H 2 S and H 2 contribute ≪0.1 kg/s. This is a factor~10 less than the TV flux reported by Maldonado et al (2017) of 73 kg/s (or~6340 t/day) derived in 2016, who yet used a much higher SO 2 flux of~2 kg/s (208 t/ day). Clearly, the volatile emissions from Puracé are not stationary over time, and simultaneous composition and flux records are required.…”

Section: 1029/2019gc008573mentioning

confidence: 71%

“…Hydrothermal processing in this fumarole is also supported by the higher H 2 S/SO 2 (0.7) and H 2 /SO 2 (0.3) ratios (the H 2 /SO 2 ratio averaged <0.2 at Nevado del Ruiz). Thus, although the presence of SO 2 in the gas confirms some extent of magmatic gas supply to the system (Maldonado et al, 2017), still hydrothermal reactions appear to play a decisive control on the composition of the emitted gases. This is even more so for the low-temperature, CO 2 -rich (up to~90 mol% of CO 2 at San Juan de Puracé) hydrothermal fumaroles located on the volcano's periphery, in which any magmatic SO 2 has been scavenged by percolating meteoric and hydrothermal fluids and eventually converted into H 2 S during hydrothermal reactions (Sturchio et al, 1993).…”

Section: 1029/2019gc008573mentioning

confidence: 93%

Volcanic Gas Emissions Along the Colombian Arc Segment of the Northern Volcanic Zone (CAS‐NVZ): Implications for volcano monitoring and volatile budget of the Andean Volcanic Belt

Lages

Chacón

Burbano

et al. 2019

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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Studying spatial and temporal trends in volcanic gas compositions and fluxes is crucial both to volcano monitoring and to constrain the origin and recycling efficiency of volatiles at active convergent margins. New volcanic gas compositions and volatile fluxes are here reported for Nevado del Ruiz, Galeras, and Purace, three of the most persistently degassing volcanoes located in the Colombian Arc Segment of the Northern Volcanic Zone. At Nevado del Ruiz, from 2014 to 2017, plume emissions showed an average molar CO2/ST ratio of 3.9 ± 1.6 (ST is total sulfur, S). Contemporary, fumarolic chemistry at Galeras progressively shifted toward low‐temperature, S‐depleted fumarolic gas discharges with an average CO2/ST ratio in excess of 10 (6.0–46.0, 2014–2017). This shift in volcanic gas compositions was accompanied by a concurrent decrease in SO2 emissions, confirmed on 21 March 2017 by high‐resolution ultraviolet camera‐based SO2 fluxes of ~2.5 kg/s (~213 t/day). For comparison, SO2 emissions remained high at Nevado del Ruiz (weighted average of 8 kg/s) between 2014 and 2017, while Puracé maintained rather low emission levels (<1 kg/s of SO2, CO2/SO2 ≈ 14). We here estimate carbon dioxide fluxes for Nevado del Ruiz, Galeras, and Puracé of ~23, 30, and 1 kg/s, respectively. These, combined with recent CO2 flux estimates for Nevado del Huila of ~10 kg/s (~860 t/day), imply that this arc segment contributes about 50% to the total subaerial CO2 budget of the Andean Volcanic Belt. Furthermore, our work highlights the northward increase in carbon‐rich sediment input into the mantle wedge via slab fluids and melts that is reflected in magmatic CO2/ST values far higher than those reported for Southern Volcanic Zone and Central Volcanic Zone volcanoes. We estimate that about 20% (~1.3 Mt C/year) of the C being subducted (~6.19 Mt C/year) gets resurfaced through subaerial volcanic gas emissions in Colombia (Nevado del Ruiz ~0.7 Mt C/year). As global volcanic volatile fluxes continue to be quantified and refined, the contribution from this arc segment should not be underestimated.

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Volatiles and energy released by Puracé volcano

Cited by 12 publications

References 50 publications

The Extensive Parameters as a Tool to Monitoring the Volcanic Activity: The Case Study of Vulcano Island (Italy)

The Extensive Parameters as a Tool to Monitoring the Volcanic Activity: The Case Study of Vulcano Island (Italy)

The volcanic activity changes occurred in the 2021–2022 at Vulcano island (Italy), inferred by the abrupt variations of soil CO2 output

Volcanic Gas Emissions Along the Colombian Arc Segment of the Northern Volcanic Zone (CAS‐NVZ): Implications for volcano monitoring and volatile budget of the Andean Volcanic Belt

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