Volatiles from flowers of Nicotiana sylvestris, N. otophora and Malus × domestica: headspace components and day/night changes in their relative concentrations

Loughrin, John H.; Hamilton-Kemp, Thomas R.; Andersen, Roger A.; Hildebrand, David F.

doi:10.1016/0031-9422(90)85169-g

Cited by 105 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Daily cycling in emission of linalool and other floral scent components, with a nocturnal peak in intensity coinciding with periods of moth activity, is a feature of many moth-pollinated flowers, such as Cestrum noctumum (Solanaceae) (Overland, 1960;Matile and Altenburger, 1988). However, in other moth-pollinated flowers, such as Nicotiana sylvestris (Solanaceae), rates of linalool emission do not differ appreciably between night and day (Loughrin et al, 1990(Loughrin et al, , 1991.…”

Section: Discussion Temporal Variation In Scent Production By Whole Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Floral Scent Production in Clarkia (Onagraceae) (I. Localization and Developmental Modulation of Monoterpene Emission and Linalool Synthase Activity)

et al. 1994

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The flowers of many plants emit volatile compounds as a means of attracting pollinators. We have previously shown that the strong, sweet fragrance of CIarkia breweri (Onagraceae), an annual plant native to California, consists of approximately 8 to 12 volatile compounds-three monoterpenes and nine benzoate derivatives (R.A. Raguso and E. Pichersky [1994] Plant Syst Evol [in press]). Here we report that the monoterpene alcohol linalool is synthesized and emitted mostly by petals but to a lesser extent also by the pistil and stamens. Two linalool oxides are produced and emitted almost exclusively by the pistil. These three monoterpenes are first discernible in mature unopened buds, and their tissue levels are highest during the first 2 to 3 d after anthesis. levels of emission by the different floral parts throughout the life span of the flower were correlated with levels of these monoterpenes in the respective tissues, suggesting that these monoterpenes are emitted soon after their synthesis. Activity of linalool synthase, an enzyme that converts the ubiquitous CIO isoprenoid intermediate geranyl pyrophosphate to linalool, was highest in petals, the organ that emits most of the linalool. However, linalool synthase activity on a fresh weight basis was highest in stigma and style (i.e. the pistil). Most of the linalool produced in the pistil is apparently converted into linalool oxides. lower levels (0.1%) of monoterpene emission and linalool synthase activity are found in the stigma of Clarkia concha, a nonscented relative of C. breweri, suggesting that monoterpenes may have other functions in the flower in addition to attracting pollinators. ~ Flowers of many plants attract pollinators by producing and emitting volatile compounds. The scent emitted by such flowers is often a complex mixture of low mol wt compounds, and the relative abundances and interactions of the constituents give the flower its particular characteristic fragrance. Floral scents have been demonstrated to function as longand short-distance attractants and nectar guides to a variety '

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Section: Discussion Temporal Variation In Scent Production By Whole Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Floral Scent Production in Clarkia (Onagraceae) (I. Localization and Developmental Modulation of Monoterpene Emission and Linalool Synthase Activity)

et al. 1994

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“…Existem, também, cada vez mais estudos mostrando que a composição de metabólitos secundários de uma planta pode variar apreciavelmente durante o ciclo dia/noite, tendo sido descritas, por ex., variações circadianas nas concentrações de óleos voláteis 12,14,[56][57][58] , iridóides 38 , alcalóides 1,2,59-61 , glucosinolatos 62 , glicosídeos cianogênicos e tiocianatos 63 .…”

Section: Sazonalidade Ritmo Circadiano E Desenvolvimentounclassified

Plantas medicinais: fatores de influência no conteúdo de metabólitos secundários

Gobbo‐Neto¹,

Lopes²

2007

Quím. Nova

920

364

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. do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto -SP, BrasilRecebido em 7/7/05; aceito em 11/4/06; publicado na web em 31/10/06 MEDICINAL PLANTS: FACTORS OF INFLUENCE ON THE CONTENT OF SECONDARY METABOLITES. Since secondary metabolites represent a chemical interface between plants and surrounding environment, their syntheses are frequently affected by environmental conditions. Thus, variations in the total content and/or of the relative proportions of secondary metabolites in plants can take place. We review the main environmental factors that can streamline or alter the production or concentration of secondary metabolites in plants. How seasonality, circadian rhythm, developmental stage and age, temperature, water availability, UV radiation, soil nutrients, altitude, atmospheric composition and tissue damage influence secondary metabolism are discussed.Keywords: variations in secondary metabolites; medicinal plants; chemical ecology. INTRODUÇÃODesde o quarto século a.C. existem relatos de normas para a coleta de plantas medicinais. Os carrascos gregos, por ex., coletavam suas amostras do veneno cicuta (Conium maculatum) pela manhã, quando os níveis de coniina são maiores 1,2 . Variações temporais e espaciais no conteúdo total, bem como as proporções relativas de metabólitos secundários em plantas ocorrem em diferentes níveis (sazonais e diárias; intraplanta, inter-e intraespecífica) e, apesar da existência de um controle genético, a expressão pode sofrer modificações resultantes da interação de processos bioquímicos, fisiológicos, ecológicos e evolutivos 3-7 . De fato, os metabólitos secundários representam uma interface química entre as plantas e o ambiente circundante, portanto, sua síntese é freqüentemente afetada por condições ambientais 8 .Os principais fatores que podem coordenar ou alterar a taxa de produção de metabólitos secundários estão expostos a seguir. Deve ser enfatizado, porém, que os estudos sobre influência destes fatores na produção de metabólitos secundários geralmente têm se limitado a um grupo restrito de espécies, predominantemente ocorrentes em regiões temperadas, muitas das quais são comercialmente importantes e podem ter sofrido fortes pressões seletivas antrópicas visando certas características desejadas. Seu comportamento, portanto, nem sempre é representativo de plantas selvagens ou de outros tipos de habitat.Também deve ser ressaltado que, muitas vezes, as variações podem ser decorrentes do desenvolvimento foliar e/ou surgimento de novos órgãos concomitante a uma constância no conteúdo total de metabólitos secundários. Isto pode levar à menor concentração destes metabólitos por diluição, podendo, no entanto, resultar em maior quantidade total, devido ao aumento de biomassa 9,10 . Além disso, alguns dos fatores discutidos apresentam correlações entre si e não atuam isoladamente, podendo influir em conjunto no metabolismo secundário, como por ex.: desenvolvimento e sazonalidade; índice pluviométrico e sazonalidade; temperatura e altitude, entre outros. FATORES QUE INFLUENCIAM O CONTEÚDO DE M...

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“…It is to the advantage of the plant to have its scent output at maximal levels only when its potential pollinator is active. Thus, flowers that are pollinated by nocturnal insects such as moths tend to have maximal scent output in early evening (Loughrin et al, 1990), although this is not always the case (Pichersky et al, 1994). Aside from the obvious consideration of conservation of energy, it is also to the advantage of the plant not to attract more general pollinators, who might disperse its pollen non-productively.…”

Section: Temporal and Physiological Variations In Floral Scent Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemical and Molecular Genetic Aspects of Floral Scents

2000

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The chemical composition of floral scents has been extensively investigated for hundreds of years because of the commercial value of floral volatiles in perfumery. More recently, several ecological studies have examined the roles of floral scent in the biology of the plant. However, in contrast to the chemical emphasis of the perfumers and the organismal emphasis of the ecologists, until recently, there have been few studies concerning the biochemical synthesis of floral scent compounds and the enzymes and genes that control these processes. In fact, our recent investigation into the biogenesis of floral scent production in Clarkia breweri, an annual plant native to California that served as our model organism, and our even more recent work on the scent of the cultivated snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) represent the only examples to date (to our knowledge) in which isolation of enzymes and genes involved in the de novo synthesis of scent compounds in the flower have been reported. In this Update we review the research leading to our work, report our findings, and discuss implications for future directions of the field.

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Volatiles from flowers of Nicotiana sylvestris, N. otophora and Malus × domestica: headspace components and day/night changes in their relative concentrations

Cited by 105 publications

References 11 publications

Floral Scent Production in Clarkia (Onagraceae) (I. Localization and Developmental Modulation of Monoterpene Emission and Linalool Synthase Activity)

Floral Scent Production in Clarkia (Onagraceae) (I. Localization and Developmental Modulation of Monoterpene Emission and Linalool Synthase Activity)

Plantas medicinais: fatores de influência no conteúdo de metabólitos secundários

Biochemical and Molecular Genetic Aspects of Floral Scents

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