Volatilization and wind erosion of soil surface applied atrazine, simazine, alachlor, and toxaphene

Abstract

The vertical fluxes of alachlor, atrazine, simazine, and toxaphene were measured by air-sampling and aerodynamic measurements over a 24-day period after surface application to a fallow soil in eastern Maryland. The triazines were applied at 1.68 kg/ha as a wettable powder formulation and alachlor and toxaphene at 2.24 and 2.52 kg/ha, respectively, as emulsifiable concentrates. Calculated volatilization losses in the first 21 days were 780 g/ha toxaphene, 420 g/ha alachlor, 40 g/ha atrazine, and 21 g/ha simazine. Daily losses varied with soil moisture content, alachlor and toxaphene volatilization being reduced as the surface soil layers became dry. Daily volatilization patterns of atrazine and simazine indicated that some wind erosion of wettable powder formulation occurred as the surface soil dried, but the amounts transported were small. Volatilization losses of triazines were much smaller than disappearance by chemical degradation. A simple empirical equation was shown to yield estimated volatilization rates that were within about a factor of 10 of field-measured rates for six of eight compounds whose vapor pressures spanned a range of 104.

Gas-phase pesticide measurement using iodide ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry

“…For detection of pesticides in the atmosphere, air samples are typically collected on solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) fibers or other adsorbent materials with sampling times of 2 h-1 week (Bedos et al, 2006;Glotfelty et al, 1989;LeNoir et al, 1999;Majewski et al, 2014;Peck A.M, 2005). These solid adsorbents are analyzed by offline techniques, typically gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or electron capture detection (GC-ECD) (Bedos et al, 2006;Coscollà et al, 2010;Foreman et al, 2000;Glotfelty et al, 1989;LeNoir et al, 1999;Majewski et al, 2014;Peck A.M, 2005;Rice et al, 2002).…”

“…These solid adsorbents are analyzed by offline techniques, typically gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or electron capture detection (GC-ECD) (Bedos et al, 2006;Coscollà et al, 2010;Foreman et al, 2000;Glotfelty et al, 1989;LeNoir et al, 1999;Majewski et al, 2014;Peck A.M, 2005;Rice et al, 2002). These measurement approaches are adequate for offline quantitation of airborne pesticides, with detection limits for trifluralin ranging from 1.3 pg m −3 (GC-MS) to 0.4 µg m −3 (GC-ECD) with sample collection times of 24 and 2 h, respectively (Peck A.M, 2005;Bedos et al, 2006).…”

“…However, the environmental and health impacts of current-use pesticides and chemical parameters controlling their atmospheric fate are not well understood. These pesticides have been studied with regard to deposition and volatilization (Glotfelty et al, 1989;Rice et al, 2002), but the investigation of surface-atmosphere fluxes is limited by currently available instrumentation. In order to fully understand transport, concentrations, and chemical behavior in the atmosphere, in situ measurements of these pesticides need to be fast (< 1 h), sensitive, and selective in both the gas and particle phases (Farmer and Jimenez, 2010).…”

Dinâmica da distribuição e degradação de atrazina em argissolo vermelho-amarelo sob condições de clima tropical úmido

“…Em condições de campo, a maior incidência de radiação solar e o conseqüente aumento na temperatura do solo podem fornecer valores maiores de volatilização do que os medidos no sistema de microcosmo (Glotfelty et al, 1989).…”

Influence de la pluviométrie sur la contamination de l'atmosphère et des eaux de pluie par les pesticides

“…Les départs dans l'atmosphère se font dès les traitements (PIMENTEL et LEVITAN, 1986 ;VAN DER WERF, 1996) puis par érosion éolienne des sols traités (transferts sous forme particulaire) et par des phénomènes plus complexes, transferts sous forme gazeuse et entraînement à la vapeur d'eau (GLOTFELTY et al, 1989 ;FOSTER et al, 1995).…”