Volatilization of surface-applied pesticides from fallow soil

Glotfelty, Dwight E.; Taylor, A. W.; Turner, Benjamin C.; Zoller, William H.

doi:10.1021/jf00123a053

Cited by 126 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…O pico apresentado no oitavo dia pode ser atribuído ao início da aplicação de água na simulação de chuvas no microcosmo. Os resultados coincidem com as observações de Glotfelty et al (1984) e Langenbach et al (2000), segundo os quais o processo de volatilização foi intensificado no período subseqüente à aplicação de água ao solo, que talvez tenha promovido a perda do composto pelo arraste de vapor, fenômeno chamado de codestilação.…”

Section: Experimento No Microcosmounclassified

Dinâmica da distribuição e degradação de atrazina em argissolo vermelho-amarelo sob condições de clima tropical úmido

Correia

Langenbach

2006

Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo

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A biodegradabilidade e a distribuição dos agrotóxicos no ambiente determinam o seu potencial poluidor. O risco de contaminação do herbicida atrazina, em Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo, foi estudado em experimentos de campo complementados com a utilização do sistema de microcosmo. O microcosmo permitiu utilizar 14 C-atrazina em condições controladas e determinar a volatilização (0,33 %), mineralização (0,25 %) e lixiviação (4 a 11 %), parâmetros difíceis de determinar no campo. Verificou-se que 90 % da radioatividade ficou no solo, encontrando-se cerca de 75 % nos primeiros 5 cm. O experimento de campo foi feito na época seca, permitindo a simulação de chuvas de verão. Os resultados mostraram que, 90 dias após a aplicação, a atrazina foi encontrada a 50 cm de profundidade, podendo ter atingido as águas do subsolo. A atrazina deslocada pelo escoamento do excesso de água encontrava-se principalmente na fase líquida, 1,6 % do valor aplicado, enquanto 0,4 % foi adsorvido nas partículas erodidas. Os valores de atrazina na água do escorrimento foram maiores dois dias após aplicação, decrescendo a menos de um décimo após 15 dias. Os resultados evidenciam que a aplicação do herbicida deve ser evitada quando houver previsão de chuvas, considerando o potencial poluidor de águas superficiais e subterrâneas neste tipo de solo.

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Section: Experimento No Microcosmounclassified

Dinâmica da distribuição e degradação de atrazina em argissolo vermelho-amarelo sob condições de clima tropical úmido

Correia

Langenbach

2006

Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo

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“…During the 38 d prior to the first erosion event on 1991 Oct. 16, only 9 mm of rainfall occurred and the soil surface was relatively dry during this period. Throughout the 140-d period between herbicide application and the first wind erosion event, mean air temperatures were above normal (Table 2) so soil moisture and temperature would have been conducive to both to microbial degradation (Kearney et al 1976;Golab et al 1979;Graper and Rainey 1989a, b) and vapour loss (White et al 1977;Glotfelty 1981;Glotfelty et al 1984;Grover et al 1988;Majewski et al 1993) of trifluralin for much of this period. Vapour loss is one of the main routes of trifluralin dissipation following incorporation into soil and Grover et al (1988) reported a 23.7% vapour loss of trifluralin following soil incorporation at the same study site over a 67-d period in 1983.…”

Section: Environmental Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transport of trifluralin on wind-eroded sediment

Cessna¹,

Larney²,

Kerr³

et al. 2006

Can. J. Soil. Sci.

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Wind erosion is one of the major forms of soil degradation on the Canadian prairies. Particulate matter emanating from agricultural soil can be transported long distances in the atmosphere and, if the soil has significant clay content, would contain particles less than 2 μm in diameter. Particles of this size range have been associated with respiratory health effects in humans and if they have pesticides associated with them the risk of health effects may be increased. A field experiment was conducted near Regina, Saskatchewan, to determine the trifluralin (2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-4-trifluoromethylaniline) content in wind-eroded sediment from a soil-incorporated application of the herbicide into Regina heavy (71%) clay soil. Three wind erosion events were monitored in which the total estimated soil loss was 62.4 Mg ha-1. The concentration of trifluralin in the winderoded sediment did not show a consistently significant increase with sampler height (10 to 100 cm) and, by implication, decreasing sediment particle size. The concentration of trifluralin in the wind-eroded sediment was lower than that in the incorporation layer and in the surface soil (upper 0.5 to 1 cm). The overall wind erosion loss of trifluralin, as a percent of the amount applied, during three erosion events was 1.4%. The results of this study indicate that human exposure to atmospheric particulate matter, especially in agricultural areas, may simultaneously involve exposure to pesticides. Key words: Trifluralin, wind erosion, wind-eroded sediment, heavy clay

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“…It has also been demonstrated, with terbutylazine and pendimethalin applied to nearly bare soil, that losses are influenced by microclimatic events [24]. It has also been demonstrated [25,26] that increased volatilisation of hydrophobic pesticides from moist soil is not due to codistillation but by transfer to the soil surface by water movement with wicking of pesticides to the soil surface [27].…”

Section: Commission On Agrochemicals and The Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Significance of the Long Range Transport of Pesticides in the Atmosphere

Unsworth¹,

Wauchope²,

Klein³

et al. 1999

Pure and Applied Chemistry

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Since the 1960s there has been a growing body of data regarding the presence of pesticides in the atmosphere. The monitoring results obtained show that traces of pesticides may undergo long range transport and be deposited considerable distances away from the treatment areas, including remote areas such as the Arctic and Antarctic regions. Pesticides have been found in air, rain, cloud water, fog and snow. The appearance and subsequent behaviour of pesticides in the atmosphere are complex processes and the concentrations found depend on several variables such as their volatility, photostability, method of application and extent of use. Whilst volatility of pesticides can be linked to their Henry's Law constant this is very much a simplification since it is also influenced by the surfaces treated, e.g. soil or leaves, and by the extent to which aerosols are formed during the application. The disappearance of pesticides from the atmosphere is due to hydrolysis, indirect photolysis via OH ؒ radicals and to deposition in rain. Pesticides which are resistant to hydrolysis and photolysis can be transported over great distances, for example, organochlorine insecticides have been detected in the Arctic regions. In general, concentrations in rainwater are, when detected, in the low or sub g/L range and highest concentrations are found during the time of application. The use of fugacity models has been shown to be a useful approach to predict concentrations in air. Under most conditions the presence of pesticides in air, or rainwater, has no significant effects on nontarget systems, including direct and indirect effects. Exceptions to this are damage by auxintype herbicides to sensitive plants which has resulted on restrictions in their use in certain areas and transient chlorotic spotting thought to be caused by drift of aerosols from application of low rate sulfonyl urea herbicides. For animal species one possible exception has been postulated. This is for persistent organochlorine pesticides in Arctic regions where, due to the very oligotrophic nature of the Arctic ocean, they are more liable to bioaccumulate and be transported in the food web giving enhanced levels in mothers' milk. THE IUPAC COMMISSION ON AGROCHEMICALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT MAKES THE FOLLOWING RECOMMENDATIONSBased on the conclusions from this review, several recommendations for further areas of research are suggested. Since the factors governing the fate and behaviour of pesticides in the atmosphere are the same for any organic contaminant, whether from natural or anthropogenic sources, research studies on pesticides in air should be considered in the same way as any organic contaminant in the atmosphere.

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Volatilization of surface-applied pesticides from fallow soil

Cited by 126 publications

References 11 publications

Dinâmica da distribuição e degradação de atrazina em argissolo vermelho-amarelo sob condições de clima tropical úmido

Dinâmica da distribuição e degradação de atrazina em argissolo vermelho-amarelo sob condições de clima tropical úmido

Transport of trifluralin on wind-eroded sediment

Significance of the Long Range Transport of Pesticides in the Atmosphere

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