Volcanic emissions of molecular chlorine

Zelenski, Michael; Taran, Yuri

doi:10.1016/j.gca.2012.03.034

Cited by 23 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…As the salt liquid in the system NaCl‐KCl is stable the eutectic temperature of 657°C, it can be both a flux and leaching agent, while covering, percolating through and interacting with the basaltic wallrock. Similar to natural samples in our study, the Tolbachik basalt scoria experimentally treated by 0.5 mol% HCl in air at 600°C developed a coat of halite, tenorite and hematite (Figure S8; Zelenski & Taran, ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

High‐temperature gold‐copper extraction with chloride flux in lava tubes of Tolbachik volcano (Kamchatka)

et al. 2019

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Subvolcanic environments in supra‐subduction zones are renowned for hosting epithermal deposits that often contain electrum and native gold, including bonanza examples. This study examined mineral assemblages and processes occurring in shallow‐crust volcanic settings using recent eruption (2012–2013) of the basaltic Tolbachik volcano in the Kamchatka arc. The Tolbachik eruptive system is characterized by an extensive system of lava tubes. After cessation of magma input, the tubes maintained the flow of hot oxidized gases that episodically interacted with the lava surfaces and sulphate‐chloride precipitates from volcanic gases on these surfaces. The gas‐rock interaction had strong pyrometamorphic effects that resulted in the formation of molten salt, oxidized (tenorite, hematite, Cu‐rich magnesioferrite) and skarn‐like silicate mineral assemblages. By analogy with experimental studies, we propose that a combination of these processes was responsible for extraction of metals from the basaltic wall rocks and deposition of Cu‐, Fe‐ and Cu‐Fe‐oxides and native gold.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

High‐temperature gold‐copper extraction with chloride flux in lava tubes of Tolbachik volcano (Kamchatka)

et al. 2019

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“…Gaseous iron chloride is not shown in the equilibrium diagram ( Figure 14), but according to the calculations, approximately 0.03% of the total iron content is present as a volatile. Similar reactions with iron chloride may have formed molecular chlorine in fumarolic gases emitted from cooling scoria cones (Zelenski & Taran, 2012).…”

Section: Thermodynamic Modeling In Aerosol Studymentioning

confidence: 96%

Mineralogy and Origin of Aerosol From an Arc Basaltic Eruption: Case Study of Tolbachik Volcano, Kamchatka

Zelenski

Kamenetsky

Taran

et al. 2020

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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Intense emission of volcanic aerosol accompanied the 2012–2013 basaltic effusive eruption of Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka. The aerosols sampled contain sulfuric acid droplets, glassy particles, and 70 mineral phases. All aerosol particles may be classified by their origin. The fragmentation aerosol includes magma fragments: silicate glass clasts, silicate microspheres, and small phenocrysts (olivine, pyroxene, and magnetite). The alteration aerosol comprises particles of quenched silicate melt covered with secondary minerals (fluorides, sulfates, and oxides/hydroxides of rock‐forming elements) and fragments of altered rocks composed solely of secondary minerals. The condensation aerosol dominated the mass during the later stages of the eruption when the explosive activity had ceased, and was characterized by the greatest variety of particle compositions. Na‐K sulfate and Fe (III) oxide comprised more than 95% of the solid fraction of the condensation aerosol. The remaining 5% was represented by native elements (Au, Ag‐Pt alloy, and Pt); sulfides of Fe, Cu, Ag, and Re; oxides and hydroxides of Al, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mo, W, Ta, and Zr; halides of Al, Mg, Na, K, Ca, Cd, Pb, Ag, and Tl; and sulfates of Na, K, Pb, Ca, and Ba; the only silicate was As‐bearing orthoclase. Droplets of H2SO4 formed the liquid phase of the condensation aerosol. Some of the aerosol components, such as magnetite spherules or phosphate‐carbonate‐fluorite association, likely had a nonvolcanic origin (country rocks and wood fly ash). The volcanic aerosols and their contained minerals, discharged at Tolbachik and elsewhere, result in a physical and chemical effect on the environment in the region of such volcanoes.

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“…The hydrochloric leaching of rock particles followed by the saturation of acid solutions with H 2 S may possibly explain the occurrence of abundant pyrite and rare Cu, Ag, Hg, In, Sn, and Sb sulfides in the Ebeko sulfur. It has been shown that the acid leaching of silicate rocks by hydrochloric acid (HCl) can completely extract all cations, except for silicon and partially titanium, from a rock particle (e.g., [33] and references therein). The hydrochloric leaching of fumarolic incrustations differs from sulfate acid leaching, which is also common on volcanoes [34,35] but is similar to water-rock interaction that occurs within acid volcanic lakes and enriches the latter in rockforming and trace elements [36][37][38].…”

Section: Acid Alteration and Origin Of Sulfide Minerals In Ebekomentioning

confidence: 99%

Trace Elements and Minerals in Fumarolic Sulfur: The Case of Ebeko Volcano, Kuriles

et al. 2018

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Native sulfur deposits on fumarolic fields at Ebeko volcano (Northern Kuriles, Russia) are enriched in chalcophile elements (As-Sb-Se-Te-Hg-Cu) and contain rare heavy metal sulfides (Ag2S, HgS, and CuS), native metal alloys (Au2Pd), and some other low-solubility minerals (CaWO4, BaSO4). Sulfur incrustations are impregnated with numerous particles of fresh and altered andesite groundmass and phenocrysts (pyroxene, magnetite) as well as secondary minerals, such as opal, alunite, and abundant octahedral pyrite crystals. The comparison of elemental abundances in sulfur and unaltered rocks (andesite) demonstrated that rock-forming elements (Ca, K, Fe, Mn, and Ti) and other lithophile and chalcophile elements are mainly transported by fumarolic gas as aerosol particles, whereas semimetals (As, Sb, Se, and Te), halogens (Br and I), and Hg are likely transported as volatile species, even at temperatures slightly above 100°C. The presence of rare sulfides (Ag2S, CuS, and HgS) together with abundant FeS2 in low-temperature fumarolic environments can be explained by the hydrochloric leaching of rock particles followed by the precipitation of low-solubility sulfides induced by the reaction of acid solutions with H2S at ambient temperatures. The elemental composition of native sulfur can be used to qualitatively estimate elemental abundances in low-temperature fumarolic gases.

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Volcanic emissions of molecular chlorine

Cited by 23 publications

References 44 publications

High‐temperature gold‐copper extraction with chloride flux in lava tubes of Tolbachik volcano (Kamchatka)

High‐temperature gold‐copper extraction with chloride flux in lava tubes of Tolbachik volcano (Kamchatka)

Mineralogy and Origin of Aerosol From an Arc Basaltic Eruption: Case Study of Tolbachik Volcano, Kamchatka

Trace Elements and Minerals in Fumarolic Sulfur: The Case of Ebeko Volcano, Kuriles

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