Volcanic Eruptions in the Southern Red Sea During 2007–2013

Jónsson, Sigurjón; Xu, Wenbin

doi:10.1007/978-3-662-45201-1_10

Cited by 15 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…The Zubair archipelago (at 15-15.2 • N) is a 25 km by 10 km shallow platform [<100 m below sea level (bsl)] orientated parallel to the Red Sea ridge; it consists of ∼10 volcanic islands situated along the central axis of the Red Sea (Jónsson and Xu, 2015). The islands follow a general NW-SE orientation and consist of basaltic tuff, conglomerate, and lava (Jónsson and Xu, 2015). Prior to volcanic activity at the Zubair islands, two known eruptions at Saddle island in 1824 and 1846 are reported, leaving a century of quiescence (Jónsson and Xu, 2015).…”

Section: Tectonic Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The islands follow a general NW-SE orientation and consist of basaltic tuff, conglomerate, and lava (Jónsson and Xu, 2015). Prior to volcanic activity at the Zubair islands, two known eruptions at Saddle island in 1824 and 1846 are reported, leaving a century of quiescence (Jónsson and Xu, 2015). Over the past few decades the region has seen increased activity.…”

Section: Tectonic Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Southern Red Sea has a large proportion of shallow waters, which provide a rare opportunity to study volcanic eruptions that occur above sea level (Figure 1). Three sub-aerial volcanic eruptions have occurred in the last decade: on Jebel at Tair island (2007) and two eruptions resulting in the formation of Sholan Island (2011) and Jadid Island (2013) (Jónsson and Xu, 2015). All the islands lie on the rift axis of the Southern Red Sea.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The eruption of Sholan Island occurred between Haycock and Rugged islands in the Zubair Archipelago and was first witnessed by Yemeni fishermen on the 18th December 2011 (Figure 2). The eruption started as submarine activity before erupting as a surtseyan eruption, and lasted until the 12th January 2012 (Jónsson and Xu, 2015). A SO 2 anomaly was first recorded on the 19th December from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) taken on NASA's EOS-AURA satellite; maximum SO 2 values reached 2.06 DU.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seismicity Associated With the Formation of a New Island in the Southern Red Sea

et al. 2018

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Volcanic eruptions at mid-ocean ridges are rarely witnessed due to their inaccessibility, and are therefore poorly understood. Shallow waters in the Red Sea allow the study of ocean ridge related volcanism observed close to sea level. On the 18th December 2011, Yemeni fishermen witnessed a volcanic eruption in the Southern Red Sea that led to the formation of Sholan Island. Previous research efforts to constrain the dynamics of the intrusion and subsequent eruption relied primarily on interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) methods, data for which were relatively sparse. Our study integrates InSAR analysis with seismic data from Eritrea, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia to provide additional insights into the transport of magma in the crust that fed the eruption. Twentythree earthquakes of magnitude 2.1-3.9 were located using the Oct-tree sampling algorithm. The earthquakes propagated southeastward from near Sholan Island, mainly between December 12th and December 13th. The seismicity is interpreted as being induced by emplacement of a ∼12 km-long dike. Earthquake focal mechanisms are primarily normal faulting and suggest the seismicity was caused through a combination of dike propagation and inflation. We combine these observations with new deformation modeling to constrain the location and orientation of the dike. The best-fit dike orientation that satisfies both geodetic and seismic data is NNW-SSE, parallel to the overall strike of the Red Sea. Further, the timing of the seismicity suggests the volcanic activity began as a submarine eruption on the 13th December, which became a subaerial eruption on the 18th December when the island emerged from the beneath the sea. The new intrusion and eruption along the ridge suggests seafloor spreading is active in this region.

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Section: Tectonic Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tectonic Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seismicity Associated With the Formation of a New Island in the Southern Red Sea

et al. 2018

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“…The evolution of Sholan Island has barely been studied, so the lithology of the island is poorly known. According to Xu et al (2015) and Jónsson and Xu (2015), the eruption failed to become effusive, so the edifice is probably mainly formed of hydromagmatic/tephra deposits. The nearby islands of Rugged (located 1 km to the south) and Haycock (3 km to the northeast) may also partly shelter Sholan Island from waves from the northeast and south, while Capelinhos and Surtsey are fully exposed.…”

Section: Inverse Power-law Relationship Between Coastal Erosion Rate mentioning

confidence: 99%

Submarine platform development by erosion of a Surtseyan cone at Capelinhos, Faial Island, Azores

Zhao

Mitchell

Quartau

et al. 2019

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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Erosion of volcanic islands ultimately creates shallow banks and guyots, but the ways in which erosion proceeds to create them over time and how the coastline retreat rate relates to wave conditions, rock mass strength and other factors are unclear. The Capelinhos volcano was formed in 1957/58 during a Surtseyan and partly effusive eruption that added an ~2.5 km2 tephra and lava promontory to the western end of Faial Island (Azores, central North Atlantic). Subsequent coastal and submarine erosion has reduced the subaerial area of the promontory and created a submarine platform. This study uses historical information, photos and marine geophysical data collected around the promontory to characterize how the submarine platform developed following the eruption. Historical coastline positions are supplemented with coastlines interpreted from 2004 and 2014 Google Earth images in order to work out the progression of coastline retreat rate and retreat distance for lava‐ and tephra‐dominated cliffs. Data from swath mapping sonars are used to characterize the submarine geometry of the resulting platform (position of the platform edge, gradient and morphology of the platform surface). Photographs collected during SCUBA and ROV dives on the submarine platform reveal a rugged surface now covered with boulders. The results show that coastal retreat rates decreased rapidly with time after the eruption and approximately follow an inverse power‐law relationship with coastal retreat distance. We develop a finite‐difference model for wave attenuation over dipping surfaces to predict how increasing wave attenuation contributed to this trend. The model is verified by reproducing the wave height variation over dipping rock platforms in the UK (platform gradient 1.2° to 1.8°) and Ireland (1.8°). Applying the model to the dipping platform around Capelinhos, using a diversity of cliff resistance predicted from known lithologies, we are able to predict erosion rate trends for some sectors of the edifice. We also explore wider implications of these results, such as how erosion creates shallow banks and guyots in reef‐less mid‐oceanic archipelagos like the Azores. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Volcanoes at Divergent Plate Boundaries

Acocella

2021

Volcano-Tectonic Processes

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Volcanic Eruptions in the Southern Red Sea During 2007–2013

Abstract: The first volcanic eruption known to occur in the southern Red Sea in over a century started on Jebel at Tair Island in September 2007. The early phase of the eruption was energetic, with lava reaching

Cited by 15 publications

References 21 publications

Seismicity Associated With the Formation of a New Island in the Southern Red Sea

Seismicity Associated With the Formation of a New Island in the Southern Red Sea

Submarine platform development by erosion of a Surtseyan cone at Capelinhos, Faial Island, Azores

Volcanoes at Divergent Plate Boundaries

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