Volcanogenic massive sulfide occurrence model

Shanks, Wayne C.; Koski, Randolph A.; Mosier, Dan L.; Schulz, Klaus J.; Morgan, Lisa A.; Slack, John F.; Ridley, W. I.; Dusel-Bacon, Cynthia; Seal, Robert R.; Piatak, Nadine M.

doi:10.3133/sir20105070c

Cited by 70 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…Volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits occur in marine volcanic and volcanosedimentary belts of Archean to Holocene age and are mined principally for copper, zinc, lead, silver, and gold (Galley and others, 2007;Shanks and Thurston, 2012). These deposits precipitate from hydrothermal fluids on the sea floor within irregular chimneys and mounds, and in the subsurface within strata-bound or discordant zones.…”

Section: Mississippi Valley-type Zn-pb(-co-ni) Sulfide Depositsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most VMS deposits lack elevated contents (> 0.1 weight percent) of cobalt but several have higher grades, especially deposits hosted predominantly by ultramafic or mafic volcanic rocks. Extensive research on this deposit type has allowed the development of refined genetic models that involve subsea-floor emplacement of igneous magma that drives hydrothermal convection and seawater entrainment, coupled with upflow of metalliferous hydrothermal fluids and subsequent sulfide precipitation (see Shanks and Thurston, 2012, and references therein).…”

Section: Mississippi Valley-type Zn-pb(-co-ni) Sulfide Depositsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cobalt

Slack¹,

Kimball²,

Shedd³

2017

Professional Paper

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Section: Mississippi Valley-type Zn-pb(-co-ni) Sulfide Depositsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mississippi Valley-type Zn-pb(-co-ni) Sulfide Depositsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cobalt

Slack¹,

Kimball²,

Shedd³

2017

Professional Paper

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“…31R; appendix 2). In VMS systems, sulfide minerals precipitate near seafloor vents where circulating hydrothermal fluids driven by magmatic heat mix with cool seawater (Shanks and Thurston, 2010). In Nevada, submarine volcanic rocks and VMS deposits and occurrences (Sherlock and others, 1996) occur in the following geologic map units: Black Rock/Pueblo terrane (unit Mzbr), Golconda allochthon (unit Pzh), and Roberts Mountains allochthon (unit Pzrm) ( fig.…”

Section: Mineral Potential Tracts For Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Comentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From 1932 to 1949, this mine produced 1,110,000 million short tons of ore from the Ordovician Valmy Formation with an average grade of 9.7 percent copper (Coats and Stephens, 1968;LaPointe and others, 1991). Because VMS deposits are known to occur in clusters (Shanks and Thurston, 2010), two buffers, 1.8 km and 6.7 km in width, were applied to the Rio Tinto Mine, which correspond to the 50th-and 90th-percentile spacing between VMS deposits in five well-described VMS districts (Galley and others, 2007). Deposit buffers were trimmed to map units of the Roberts Mountains allochthon and a 1-km-wide buffer was added to account for cover and uncertain contacts.…”

Section: Mineral Potential Tracts For Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Comentioning

confidence: 99%

Geology and mineral resources of the Sheldon-Hart Mountain National Wildlife Refuge Complex (Oregon and Nevada), the Southeastern Oregon and North-Central Nevada, and the Southern Idaho and Northern Nevada (and Utah) Sagebrush Focal Areas: Chapter B in <em>Mineral resources of the Sagebrush Focal Areas of Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Wyoming</em>

Vikre¹,

Benson²,

Bleiwas³

et al. 2016

Scientific Investigations Report

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For more information on the USGS-the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment-visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1-888-ASK-USGS.For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://store.usgs.gov.Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner.Suggested citation: Vikre, P.G., Benson, M.E., Bleiwas, D.I., Colgan, J.P., Cossette, P.M., DeAngelo, J., Dicken, C.L., Drake, R.M., II, du Bray, E.A., Fernette, G.L., Glen, J.M.G., Haacke, J.E., Hall, S.M., Hofstra, A.H., John, D.A., Ludington, S., Mihalasky, M.J., Rytuba, J.J., Shaffer, B.N., Stillings, L.L., Wallis, J.C., Williams, C. AcknowledgmentsNumerous persons assisted in preparation, accuracy, and completeness of this report. Ian Madin and Bob Houston, Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, and Ken Krahulec, Utah Geological Survey, participated in assessment tract delineation and rating and were ready sources of information on mineral resources in their respective states. Maps created by the Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology (NBMG) that show areas of high mineral potential in northern Nevada (http://minerals.nv.gov/home/features/Mineral,_ Geothermal_and_Oil___Gas_Potential_Maps_of_Sagebrush_Focal_Areas_-_6/24/2015/), and discussions with James Faulds and John Muntean, NBMG, helped to guide the scope and content of this report. Location and status of Plans of Operation in the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest of Nevada were provided by Susan Elliott, U.S. Forest Service. Carma San Juan provided geographic information system (GIS), databases services, oversight, and figure construction. Thomas P. Frost, David A. Ponce, Barnaby W. Rockwell, and Steven M. Smith provided management perspective and geophysical and geochemical data and discussion that helped guide assessment tract delineation and rating. Michael L. Zientek provided report templates. Advisory Oversight Committee members Donald I. Bleiwas, Stephen E. Box, Jane M. Hammarstrom, Gilpin R. Robinson, and Michael L. Zientek provided advice on buffering assessment tract boundaries and on delineation and rating of cospatial tracts for different deposit types. Reviews by Charles Thorman, Ryan Taylor, and Kathryn Watts evaluated validity of assessment tracts and improved presentation content and style. Susan M. Hall-Tract delineation, rating, and description for hydroallogenic uranium deposits; locatable mineral commodities not assessed Albert H. Hofstra-Tract delineation, rating, and description for orogenic gold, epithermal gold and silver, volcanogenic massive sulfide copper, Carlin-type gold, black shale vanadium, sedimentary exhalative zinc-lead-silver-gold, Mississippi Vall...

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“…Since then, individual deposit models have been refined, such as those for base-and precious-metal massive sulfide deposits and gold deposits (Seal and Hammarstrom, 2003). Furthermore, environmental features of mineral deposits have been included in updated mineral deposit models for a variety of mineral deposits, including Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc deposits (Leach and others, 2010); porphyry copper deposits (John and others, 2010); volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits (Shanks and Thurston, 2012); porphyry molybdenum deposits (Taylor and others, 2012); stratiform chromite deposits (Schulte and others, 2012); beryllium deposits (Foley and others, 2012); sedimentary-hosted cobalt-copper-gold deposits (Slack, 2013); nickel-cobalt laterite deposits (Marsh and others, 2013); rare-earth-element deposits (Verplanck and others, 2014); and magmatic nickel-copper-(platinum-group-element) deposits (Schulz and others, 2014).…”

Section: Geoenvironmental Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%