Voltage-Balancing Method for Modular Multilevel Converters Switched at Grid Frequency

Deng, Fujin; Chen, Zhe

doi:10.1109/tie.2014.2362881

Cited by 99 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Due to the similarity between the linear dynamic model described in (9) and the voltage MMC model described earlier in (6) and (7), a new updated model can be formulated for the MMC. The only difference is to substitute ( ), Φ ( ) and ( ) in (9) by total SM arm voltages ( ) or ( ) , switching states ( ) and SM voltage ( ).…”

Section: B Proposed Kalman Filter Voltage Estimationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Submodule Voltage Estimation Scheme in Modular Multilevel Converters with Reduced Voltage Sensors Based on Kalman Filter Approach

Abushafa¹,

Dahidah

Gadoue

et al. 2018

IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.

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On the other hand, as with most conventional converters, the MMC has specific control requirements. For instance, the voltage-balancing of the submodule (SM) capacitors in the converter is critical. However, due to the series of cascaded SMs which are used to construct the converter, the reliability of the MMC is an important challenge [5]. In one example of a real application based on the MMC is presented in [6], where hundreds of SMs per leg were used. This also requires a great many voltage sensors in order to achieve the voltage-balancing of the system. This problem has been extensively investigated in recent research [3,7]; but many voltage sensors are always used in such studies. However, it would be preferable if this issue could be resolved with lower cost and complexity.Several proposals have been attempted to minimise the number of voltage and current sensors required. For instance, successful simulation and practical results have been achieved with fewer current sensors [8][9][10]. However, no reductions in voltage sensor number were discussed in those studies. Another attempt based on an open-loop scheme has been suggested, where fixed PWM signals were applied to the converter [11]. Although, this proposed scheme does not use any sensors since it does not require any form of feedback control, the wellknown disadvantages of open-loop control schemes may threaten the performance of the system. In some recent studies, online observers have been introduced to estimate individual SM voltages [12,13]. For example, fewer voltage sensors could be achieved based on a sliding mode where the proposed method merely monitors the total input voltage and arm current of the converter [12]. This technique has been proposed for fault detection scheme. However, variations in SM capacitance were not considered in this study. In an attempt to ameliorate this problem, the estimation of capacitance values for each individual SM was considered in [13]. This improvement provides an important solution against concerning capacitance; however, in all observer-based methods the effect of variations associated with arm inductor values was not included in the design. In very recent research [14,15], the voltage-balancing of a seven-level MMC has been achieved with important reductions in the number of voltage sensors required, where the lowest number of voltage sensors needed is two when sevenlevel MMC is used. Two sensors are contributed to measure total arm voltage of the converter. On the other hand, the main UK

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Section: B Proposed Kalman Filter Voltage Estimationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, successful simulation and practical results have been achieved with fewer current sensors [8][9][10]. However, no reductions in voltage sensor number were discussed in those studies.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Submodule Voltage Estimation Scheme in Modular Multilevel Converters with Reduced Voltage Sensors Based on Kalman Filter Approach

Abushafa¹,

Dahidah

Gadoue

et al. 2018

IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.

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“…Energies 2017, 10, 1628 6 of 14 which, according to (8), can also be written in term of space vectors and zero-sequence components as:…”

Section: Power Balancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In alternative to the traditional concept, some authors have proposed modular multilevel converters (MMCs) as at the same time they provide the functions of cell balancing and power conversion [8][9][10][11]. In the MMC topology, each submodule (SM) is formed by a battery cell and a …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated BMS-MMC Balancing Technique Highlighted by a Novel Space-Vector Based Approach for BEVs Application

et al. 2017

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This paper proposes a new mathematical model of modular multilevel converters for battery electric vehicles with space-vectors enabling a critical analysis of cell balancing for the battery management system. In particular, the requirements for power balancing and the actual number of degrees of freedom of the control are investigated. The paper shows that the traditional approach of cell balancing is a special case of the proposed control methodology. Numerical analyses with Matlab/Simulink™ highlight the reasons of the slow response of the standard balancing technique for specific operating conditions of the battery electric vehicle. The paper suggests potential improvements that could be introduced through the proposed generalised approach.

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“…For example, promises have been experimentally achieved with fewer current sensors [22][23][24], but in such studies the number of voltage sensors employed was not discussed. An open-loop approach has also been proposed with a fixed pulse pattern [25].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Capacitor Voltage Estimation Scheme With Reduced Number of Sensors for Modular Multilevel Converters

Abushafa¹,

Gadoue

Dahidah

et al. 2018

IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron.

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Voltage-Balancing Method for Modular Multilevel Converters Switched at Grid Frequency

Cited by 99 publications

References 31 publications

Submodule Voltage Estimation Scheme in Modular Multilevel Converters with Reduced Voltage Sensors Based on Kalman Filter Approach

Submodule Voltage Estimation Scheme in Modular Multilevel Converters with Reduced Voltage Sensors Based on Kalman Filter Approach

Integrated BMS-MMC Balancing Technique Highlighted by a Novel Space-Vector Based Approach for BEVs Application

Capacitor Voltage Estimation Scheme With Reduced Number of Sensors for Modular Multilevel Converters

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