Voltage control of standalone photovoltaic – electrolyzer- fuel cell-battery energy system

Abstract

The study investigates the implementation of novel Neuro-Fuzzy controllers to maintain the power quality for standalone Photovoltaic (PV)-Electrolyzer-Fuel Cell- Battery based power generation systems. Standalone solar based power generation systems are widely becoming popular particularly in the remote areas with no connectivity to a grid. There are challenges to maintain the power output to meet the demand in these standalone systems because of the random nature of solar irradiances, variation of load and no irradiance during night time. The battery bank is required to store the excess energy for use later when required. The battery bank is integrated into a standalone system through a bidirectional DC to DC converter. However, large batteries are costly and require maintenance. Hence, electrolyzer and fuel cell are also integrated with respective DC to DC converters to make a cost effective operation. Small size battery bank is used to stabilize dc-link voltage during transients due to slow dynamics of electrolyzer and fuel cells. The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) device and perturbed and observed algorithm is used for the PV system to operate at maximum utilization. In this paper Neuro-Fuzzy controller based novel controllers are implemented to inverter and DC to DC converters for supplying quality power to both three phase and single phase loads at AC load bus. The presented results are examined through hardware-in-loop on the platform of OPAL-RT to investigate the proposed controllers in all the possible scenarios of a 1 MW standalone system. Results show that the proposed controllers improve the power quality and eliminate the frequency oscillations from the system voltage.

Improving the power quality and hydrogen production from renewable energy sources based microgrid

“…In order to make HIL setup, two real-time simulator (RTS) modules designed by OPAL-RT technologies are used by proper connections. The RTS can perform in real time and execute the results similar to real scenario under considerations of various conditions [19,20]. The HIL established by connecting two OPAL-RT modules which having facility to host the MATLAB model through computer and connected them in a loop through connecting cards.…”

“…The results are evaluated and presented with the help of HIL as well as RTDS under various case studies. The PV system is modelled by using below equation [7,19] and the sample power versus voltage characteristics under various irradiances are depicted in figure 23.…”

Design and control of LSTM-ANN controllers for an efficient energy management system in a smart grid based on hybrid renewable energy sources

“…Even the establishment of power sources is not possible practically for some armed posts where they will consume only power (i.e., only load buses). Under this situation a locally established smart grid by interconnecting possible isolated microgrids can solve many problems including power quality, reliability, security, smart operation and uninterrupted supply [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. The location of a smart grid can be selected based on the location where maximum Microgrids are possible for connection through a smart grid.…”

Tip-3 Bulanık Mantık ile Düşüş Kontrollü İnverter Tabanlı Mikro Şebekelerin İkincil Gerilim ve Frekans Restorasyon Kontrolü

“…Sonrasında bu değerler, referans değerler ((CT) ref ve (DT) ref ) esasları çerçevesinde açısal frekans değeri ve voltaj değerini elde etmek amacıyla kullanılır. Bu değerler $ ref ve N ref ile sembolize edilir [20]. Denklem 3 ve Denklem 4'te sırasıyla bu değerlerin eşitlikleri verilmiştir.…”